Strengthening American Leadership in Wireless Technology (U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications and Technology)

Hearings	Strengthening American Leadership in Wireless Technology
Committee	U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
Date	January 23, 2025

 

Hearing Takeaways:

• Spectrum Access and Management: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses discussed how spectrum access and management will be key to supporting the U.S.’s current and future internet and technology needs, addressing digital disparities, maintaining emergency communications systems, and ensuring the U.S.’s continued global competitiveness. They also stated that the U.S. will require greater access to licensed, unlicensed, and shared spectrum to meet the spectrum demands of individuals, companies, and the U.S. government. 
  • Licensed Spectrum: Licensed spectrum refers to radio frequency bands that the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provides exclusive license for parties to use. The FCC makes licensed spectrum available through public auctions and bidders acquire this spectrum to develop and support wireless networks with reliable and interference-free communications. Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses expressed interest in ensuring robust access to licensed spectrum. Mr. Gillen remarked that Congress’s failure to address licensed spectrum shortages would result in diminished mobile phone service and impediments to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and other innovations.
  • Unlicensed Spectrum: Unlicensed spectrum refers to radio frequency bands that are accessible to anyone so long as devices abide by certain technical specifications. Common technologies that operate using unlicensed spectrum include WiFi, Bluetooth, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses also expressed interest in ensuring robust access to unlicensed spectrum given its role in supporting most consumer internet traffic. Mr. Powell contended that the U.S. should prioritize making unlicensed spectrum available given how it supports an increasing percentage of U.S. internet traffic. Mr. Gillen cautioned however that the fact that most people use their smartphones in home settings (which means that the phones tend to connect to WiFi networks) can skew unlicensed spectrum usage statistics.
  • WiFi 7 Technology: Rep. Russ Fulcher (R-ID), Mr. Powell, and Mr. Lewis expressed particular interest in the impending deployment of WiFi 7 technology, which is meant to deliver faster speeds, lower latency, and improved efficiency. They stated that WiFi 7 technology will be key to supporting the growing number of internet-connected devices and will require wider channels to support these needs.
  • Shared Spectrum: Shared spectrum involves the use of technology to allow multiple users or services to access and operate within the same frequency bands. Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses expressed interest in shared spectrum models as a means for optimizing the U.S.’s use of finite spectrum resources. They also noted how shared spectrum models enable smaller bidders (such as smaller firms and communities) to participate in spectrum auctions, which can support competition and innovation. They further highlighted the Citizens Band Radio Service (CBRS) as a successful shared spectrum model that is benefiting both public sector and private sector users. Mr. Lewis also stated that TV White Space spectrum (which is spectrum between television channels) can provide shared spectrum opportunities.
  • Open Radio Access Network (RAN) Technology: Open RAN technology is a mobile network architecture system that allows interoperability between cellular network equipment provided by different vendors. Subcommittee Members and Ms. Rinaldo expressed interest in the potential for this technology to support better spectrum management and to enable more diverse and robust telecommunications infrastructure supply chains. Ms. Rinaldo mentioned how there are now over 100 global deployments of Open RAN technology. She stated that this technology can provide an alternative to Chinese technology (including Huawei technology) for companies and governments.
  • Fixed Wireless Service: Fixed wireless service provides high-speed internet access via radio waves (rather than cables). Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen remarked that fixed wireless service can expand broadband internet service access to rural areas lacking broadband cable infrastructure and increase broadband internet service competition. Mr. Gillen stated however that the U.S.’s lack of available spectrum can limit the ability of companies to offer fixed wireless service.
  • The Federal Government’s Spectrum Use: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses expressed interest in balancing the need for federal departments and agencies to have access to spectrum for critical functions with the need to make more spectrum available to U.S. businesses and consumers. Mr. Gillen highlighted how the U.S. government reserves nearly two-thirds of mid-band spectrum for their own use. Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses stated that the U.S. government must strive to be more efficient with its existing spectrum to increase the supply of available spectrum for commercial users and individuals. They raised concerns that spectrum disputes between federal departments and agencies impede these efforts. They also asserted that these disputes undermine the ability of the U.S. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to adequately manage the federal government’s spectrum use and undermine U.S. national security.
  • Private Sector Investments in Spectrum: Mr. Gillen testified that the U.S. wireless industry works to address current spectrum constraints through investing between $20 billion and $30 billion annually in making its wireless networks denser and in building more facilities. He indicated that the U.S. wireless industry has 40 percent more facilities than it had a generation prior.
  • AI Technology and Spectrum Management: Subcommittee Members and Ms. Rinaldo further expressed interest regarding how AI technology could enable more efficient spectrum management. They stated that this improved spectrum management could in turn enable more spectrum to be made available to commercial users and individuals.
• The FCC’s Lapsed Spectrum Auction Authority: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses lamented that Congress had enabled the FCC’s spectrum auction authority to lapse in 2023 and that Congress has not yet restored this authority. They stated that this authority is critical for increasing spectrum availability and for raising revenue for the federal government. Mr. Gillen further stated that predictable FCC spectrum auction schedules would signal to wireless tower companies when the companies will need to hire workers to construct wireless infrastructure. While there existed broad support for reauthorizing this authority, Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses expressed some disagreements regarding how this reauthorization should be structured. 
  • Use of Spectrum Auction Proceeds: Subcommittee Democrats and the hearing’s witnesses highlighted how the FCC’s spectrum auction proceeds have historically been used to address digital disparities, protect national security, and support public safety communications. These proceeds have been used to fund the FCC’s Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program (commonly referred to as the Rip and Replace Program), the construction of the First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet), Next Generation 911 (NG911), the FCC’s Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) program, and broadband infrastructure and adoption grants. Subcommittee Democrats raised concerns over recent proposals to use spectrum auction proceeds to pay for the budget reconciliation legislation currently under development. They called it inappropriate for these proceeds to pay for tax cuts and asserted that the processed should instead be used to support the aforementioned programs and activities. Rep. Kat Cammack (R-FL) warned however that Congress’s failure to extend the provisions of the Tax Cuts of Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) would result in across-the-board tax increases.
  • Congressional Directions to the FCC for Spectrum Auctions: Mr. Gillen remarked that Congress should include directions regarding which spectrum bands should be auctioned off as part of any legislation providing the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He noted how Congress had included such directions in previous reauthorizations of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority and warned that Congress’s failure to provide auction instructions can result in FCC inaction on spectrum auctions. Mr. Powell and Mr. Lewis argued however that Congress should not provide the FCC with directions for spectrum auctions. They stated that agency experts (rather than Congress) are best suited to determine which spectrum bands should be made available for auction.
  • Spectrum Workforce Considerations: Rep. Rob Menendez (D-NJ) and Mr. Lewis expressed interest in using FCC spectrum auctions to promote a robust and diverse spectrum workforce and to increase supplier diversity. Mr. Lewis highlighted how the FCC has a statutory mandate to promote vendor diversity, which it works to address through its Office of Communications Business Opportunities (OCBO).
• The U.S.’s Global Spectrum Competitiveness and Security: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses further expressed interest in ensuring the U.S.’s global spectrum competitiveness and security (especially vis-à-vis China). Mr. Gillen highlighted how other countries (including China, England, and Japan) have more spectrum available than the U.S. Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses raised concerns that China is seeking to dominate the global wireless space and called it important for the U.S. to be the global leader in spectrum innovation.
  • Concerns Regarding the U.S. Government’s Lack of Unity in International Forums: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses expressed concerns that spectrum policy disputes between federal departments and agencies are undermining the U.S.’s ability to effectively participate in international forums, such as the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC). They stated that the U.S.’s participation in these forums is important for influencing next generation wireless technologies, such as WiFi 7 technology and 6G technology. They warned that China is seeking to influence spectrum standards in these forums to provide Chinese products and companies with an advantage in the global marketplace.
  • Promotion of U.S. Telecommunications Infrastructure: Rep. Kat Cammack (R-FL) and Ms. Rinaldo expressed interest in leveraging U.S. international assistance programs to support telecommunications infrastructure projects using U.S. equipment. They argued that the U.S.’s failure to provide such assistance undermines the U.S.’s global competitiveness and enables China to acquire market share in the global telecommunications space. Ms. Rinaldo stated that the U.S. could support these projects through the Export-Import Bank of the U.S. (EXIM Bank), the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the U.S. Department of Defense’s (DoD) 5G Office, and the DoD’s FutureG Office.
  • Cybersecurity Hacks: Subcommittee Members further expressed interest in protecting U.S. telecommunications networks from cybersecurity hacks. Subcommittee Chairman Richard Hudson (R-NC) mentioned the recent discovery of Salt Typhoon, which he commented may be the largest Chinese-backed telecommunications hack in U.S. history.
• Other Policy Issues: Subcommittee Members and the hearing’s witnesses used the hearing to discuss additional spectrum and broadband internet service policy issues.
  • Affordable Broadband Service Programs: Subcommittee Democrats and Mr. Lewis expressed support for programs that could support lower broadband costs for consumers. This includes the FCC’s now expired Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP), which had provided low-income Americans with a subsidy to purchase broadband internet service. Full Committee Ranking Member Frank Pallone (D-NJ) further expressed interest in having the FCC require wireless service providers to offer an affordable service option.
  • Permitting Reforms: Subcommittee Republicans, Mr. Powell, and Mr. Gillen expressed interest in having the U.S. reform its permitting policies to support the faster development and deployment of broadband infrastructure projects. They lamented that permitting delays are impeding the construction of critical wireless infrastructure (such as cellular towers). They stated that these projects would enable the U.S. to provide more full-power spectrum, which would expand broadband internet service access in rural and underserved areas. Rep. Buddy Carter (R-GA) further commented that broadband permitting challenges are not confined to the federal government and that these challenges also exist at the state and local levels.
  • Telecommunications Workforce Development: Rep. Nanette Barragán (D-CA), Mr. Powell, and Mr. Gillen expressed interest in further developing the U.S.’s telecommunications workforce. They stated that the U.S. requires more skilled workers to meet its current and future telecommunications demands. Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen highlighted how the U.S. telecommunications industry stakeholders maintain workforce training programs and emphasized that telecommunications jobs pay well and are high quality. 
  • Raising the Status of the NTIA Administrator to the Under Secretary Level: Ms. Rinaldo and Mr. Lewis remarked that the NTIA Administrator should be an Under Secretary level position. Ms. Rinaldo stated that the current status of the NTIA Administrator position undermines the position’s influence and effectiveness.

Hearing Witnesses:

1. The Hon. Michael Powell, President and CEO, NCTA – The Internet and Television Association
2. Mr. Brad Gillen, Executive Vice President, CTIA
3. Ms. Diane Rinaldo, Executive Director, Open RAN Policy Coalition
4. Mr. Chris Lewis, President & CEO, Public Knowledge

Member Opening Statements:

Subcommittee Chairman Richard Hudson (R-NC):

• He remarked that the U.S. is home to the world’s best technology companies and commented that these companies are global leaders in a variety of fields.
  • He indicated that these fields include next generation wireless technology, AI technology, IoT technology, NG911, and precision agriculture.
• He asserted that the Committee must advance policies that support the growth of U.S. innovation and productivity.
• He stated that next generation wireless technology would support many advancements and impact many sectors of the economy.
  • He specifically highlighted how next generation wireless technology would be key to supporting Fort Bragg (which is located within his Congressional District).
• He remarked that Congress must ensure that U.S. wireless networks have additional spectrum resources so that these networks can keep pace with the speed of innovation.
• He discussed how Americans depend on internet-connected devices for many routine activities and raised concerns over increasing wireless network congestion.
  • He commented that the evolution of wireless networks from 5G technology to 6G technology will only cause the demand for spectrum to grow further.
• He emphasized that spectrum resources are finite in nature and stated that properly managing spectrum resources would enable the U.S. to maintain its economic dominance and protect its national security.
• He remarked that the U.S. should take a “balanced” approach to spectrum policy and make both licensed and unlicensed spectrum available.
  • He commented that this effort would involve ensuring that the DoD maintains sufficient access to spectrum while also ensuring that the Department efficiently uses its spectrum resources.
• He recounted how the FCC’s spectrum auction authority had expired for the first time during the previous 118th Congress.
  • He attributed the expiration to disagreements regarding how spectrum resources should be allocated.
• He discussed how the FCC’s spectrum auctions have historically generated billions of dollars for the U.S. economy.
  • He highlighted how the highest grossing spectrum auctions have raised over $80 billion from private companies.
• He called on Congress to immediately reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority.
• He also remarked that Congress must work to increase the availability of unlicensed spectrum and noted how unlicensed spectrum is key for supporting IoT devices and smart devices.
  • He mentioned how more than 1,200 MHz of unlicensed spectrum had been made available in the 6 GHz band during the first Trump administration.
• He then warned that foreign adversaries are working to undermine the U.S.’s leadership in international standard setting bodies through intellectual property (IP) theft and cyberattacks.
• He contended that the U.S. must remain resolute in defending its global spectrum leadership to safeguard democratic values.
  • He commented that the U.S. must trust its private sector partners to address the U.S.’s most pressing challenges.
• He also mentioned the recent discovery of Salt Typhoon and commented that Salt Typhoon may be the largest Chinese-backed telecommunications hack in U.S. history.
  • He asserted that this episode demonstrates the need for the U.S. to thoughtfully secure its wireless networks.
• He then applauded Congress for its recent efforts to fund the removal of the remaining Chinese communications equipment within the U.S.’s communications networks.
  • He warned that China is producing cheap communications equipment at the expense of U.S. national security.
• He discussed how companies are working to develop and deploy Open RAN technology, which is meant to promote a trusted ecosystem of trusted vendors for communication network equipment.
  • He expressed interest in learning about Open RAN technology’s progress at the hearing.
• He called it important for Congress to work with stakeholders to deploy and secure U.S. wireless networks.

Subcommittee Ranking Member Doris Matsui (D-CA):

• She noted that the Subcommittee had last held a hearing on spectrum policy shortly following the lapse of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority (which was nearly two years ago).
  • She indicated that the FCC remains deprived of spectrum auction authority.
• She stated that the FCC’s current absence of spectrum auction authority leaves U.S. economic and national security at risk.
• She described spectrum as a “key engine” of wireless innovation and noted how spectrum supports a wide range of technologies, including remote surgeries, autonomous vehicles (AVs), and broadband internet.
  • She commented that consumers, businesses, and federal agencies would all benefit from the maximization of spectrum use.
• She remarked that the U.S.’s spectrum policy requires a “comprehensive approach” that balances licensed, unlicensed, and shared spectrum.
  • She called for bipartisan action that restores the FCC’s spectrum auction authority, promotes a “healthy” spectrum pipeline, and ensures that the federal government has a unified voice on spectrum policy.
  • She further asserted that the U.S. must promote technologies that improve spectrum sharing and efficiency.
• She also called it important for Congress to serve as a responsible steward of spectrum auction revenues.
  • She mentioned how she has long advocated for the FCC’s Rip and Replace Program, which uses federal spectrum auction proceeds to remove unsecured Chinese equipment from U.S. communications networks.
• She asserted that spectrum constitutes a public good and expressed dismay with budget reconciliation proposals that would use spectrum auction proceeds to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans.
• She contended that the Subcommittee should instead work to use spectrum auction proceeds to address digital disparities, protect national security, and support public safety communications.
  • She commented that this approach would include expanding access to life-saving technologies (including NG911).
• She mentioned how the Committee had unanimously passed the Spectrum Auction Reauthorization Act of 2023 during the previous 118th Congress.
  • She commented that this legislation would have accomplished the aforementioned goals and expressed disappointment that Republican leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives had never held a full chamber vote on the legislation.
• She expressed hope that the Subcommittee would pursue bipartisan cooperation on spectrum policy issues during the current 119th Congress.
• She then commended the previous Biden administration for launching the first U.S. National Spectrum Strategy in six years.
  • She explained that this Strategy offers a “roadmap” for securing U.S. leadership in spectrum innovation and ensuring that the U.S. maintains a unified approach to spectrum policy.
• She asserted that the U.S. cannot discard the progress that has been made through the U.S. National Spectrum Strategy.
• She remarked that the U.S. requires a unified position on spectrum policy to advance its interests within international organizations and to garner support from other countries for its spectrum policy objectives.
  • She warned that the U.S.’s failure to secure global leadership on spectrum policy issues would result in China becoming more influential within the space.
• She called on Congress to pass comprehensive and bipartisan spectrum legislation and expressed hope that the Subcommittee could accomplish these objectives.

Full Committee Chairman Brett Guthrie (R-KY):

• He first remarked that the Committee would work during the 119th Congress to address digital disparities, protect critical infrastructure, and ensure that the U.S. can outcompete the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
• He also expressed support for pursuing spectrum policy that both serves the U.S.’s national security and protects innovation.
  • He commented that the U.S. requires a spectrum policy agenda that enables both large and small companies to innovate and remain globally competitive.
• He stated that ensuring the U.S.’s continued leadership in next generation wireless communications technology will create jobs and support new domestic opportunities.
  • He commented that reliable high speed internet connectivity supports a range of “cutting edge” applications, such as AI technology and advanced manufacturing.
  • He also asserted that the U.S. cannot and will not permit its adversaries (including the CCP) to dominate innovative technologies.
• He remarked that Congress must reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority, work with federal agencies and stakeholders to reallocate unused spectrum, and examine innovative tools to better use and manage spectrum resources.
• He then yielded his time to Subcommittee Vice Chair Rick Allen (R-GA).

Subcommittee Vice Chair Rick Allen (R-GA):

• He expressed interest in working to address digital disparities, combat robocalls, and strengthen the U.S.’s telecommunications infrastructure.
• He asserted that access to telecommunications is not a luxury and commented that Americans depend on this access every day.
  • He discussed how this access enables students to complete homework, provides access to telehealth visits, supports small businesses, and promotes communications.
  • He further emphasized the importance of accessing telecommunications services during natural disaster situations and mentioned how his Congressional District had relied upon this access during Hurricane Helene.
• He called spectrum “absolutely vital” for wireless services and devices that are currently in use and for future technologies.
• He remarked that the U.S. needs to make more spectrum available for both licensed and unlicensed uses to maintain its global leadership and to keep pace with China’s advancements.
  • He commented that precision agriculture, advanced manufacturing, and next generation wireless services depend on spectrum access.

Full Committee Ranking Member Frank Pallone (D-NJ):

• He described spectrum as one of the U.S.’s most underrated and economically valuable natural resources and stated that spectrum policy decisions impact the U.S.’s global standing.
• He expressed concerns over House Republican proposals to use spectrum auction proceeds to fund tax breaks for wealthy Americans and corporations.
  • He expressed hope that House Republicans would not pursue these proposals and asserted that using spectrum auction proceeds to pay for tax cuts would constitute a “sharp departure” from how Congress has traditionally used these proceeds.
• He stated that spectrum is an “essential building block” for connecting Americans and delivering critical services (including education and health care).
  • He also highlighted the important role that spectrum plays in supporting first responders and mentioned how spectrum supports radio stations, smartphones, mobile applications, and drones.
• He noted how U.S. innovators have leveraged spectrum to support their innovations and asserted that the U.S. must remain the global leader in spectrum policy.
• He discussed how Congress has granted the FCC the authority to make spectrum available using auctions for the past three decades and commented that this authority has benefited both the public and the nation.
  • He highlighted how the U.S. is now a global leader in delivering 5G, advanced WiFi, Bluetooth, and other next generation wireless technologies to consumers.
• He also mentioned how federal spectrum auctions (which have helped raise over $230 billion for the federal government) have helped to fund important public communication priorities.
  • He indicated that these priorities have included the FCC’s Rip and Replace Program, the construction of FirstNet, and broadband infrastructure grants.
• He stated that the Committee has long maintained bipartisan agreement regarding spectrum policy.
  • He highlighted how both parties have worked together over the previous three years on bills to extend the FCC’s auction authority and to use spectrum auction proceeds to pay for bipartisan spending priorities.
• He specifically mentioned how the Committee has had broad agreement regarding the need to fund the NG911 program.
  • He commented that this funding would modernize the U.S.’s 911 networks to enable the public to communicate with emergency first responders and personnel using modern day communications tools (such as text messages, images, and videos).
• He stated that NG911 would reduce emergency response times and equip first responders with lifesaving information prior to arriving at an emergency scene.
  • He commented that the recent California wildfires underscore the importance of fast emergency response times.
• He remarked that the NG911 Program serves the public interest and asserted that spectrum auction proceeds are an ideal funding source for the Program.
• He raised concerns however that Committee Republicans would depart from historical norms regarding the use of federal spectrum auction proceeds and would instead use these proceeds to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans.
  • He asserted that federal spectrum auction proceeds should fund programs that support the public interest.
• He then warned that the U.S.’s failure to replenish its commercial spectrum pipeline could jeopardize the U.S.’s global position within the spectrum space (particularly vis-a-vis China).
• He also remarked that Congress should work to ensure that spectrum-enabled innovations are delivered to all Americans, regardless of their income or location.
  • He lamented that rural, tribal, and low-income areas often cannot access these innovations.

Witness Opening Statements:

The Hon. Michael Powell (NCTA – The Internet and Television Association):

• He remarked that his testimony would focus on two topics that are central to the U.S.’s leadership in wireless technology: WiFi technology and shared spectrum.
• He stated that WiFi technology has become the “backbone” of the U.S.’s internet experience and noted how WiFi enables nearly all modern digital interactions.
  • He explained that WiFi technology enables multiple internet users to share a single internet connection and commented that this technology has made internet connectivity more affordable and widely available.
• He also discussed how WiFi technology offers open and unlicensed access, which enables entrepreneurs to create smart devices and technologies.
  • He highlighted how the average U.S. home currently has 17 connected devices and indicated that this number is projected to rise to 24 by 2027.
• He further noted how WiFi technology supports “critical” technologies (such as IoT technologies), which generates $2.4 trillion in annual economic value.
• He remarked that the U.S. has been a global leader in WiFi innovation and has created systems that enable universal WiFi access without heavy regulation.
• He contended that the U.S. must ensure that there exists enough spectrum to support WiFi technology’s continued growth in order to sustain its global leadership in WiFi innovation.
  • He commented that ensuring sufficient spectrum is particularly critical given growing demand for WiFi technology from emerging technologies (such as AI technology and virtual reality).
• He discussed how WiFi technology carries nearly 60 percent of the world’s data traffic and noted how WiFi networks carry ten times more data than all other wireless networks combined.
  • He added that between 80 percent and 90 percent of smartphone data goes over WiFi networks (as opposed to cellular networks).
  • He emphasized that WiFi technology is a U.S.-led innovation that allows innovators to create devices that connect to the internet for free and without the need for licenses from the government.
• He stated that U.S. spectrum policy should support the U.S.’s global spectrum leadership and continue to furnish WiFi networks with necessary spectrum.
• He then remarked that the U.S. has a spectrum problem and elaborated that U.S. demand for spectrum is increasing while the U.S.’s amount of spectrum is declining.
  • He noted how critical mission government systems use nearly all mid-band spectrum and indicated that most of this mid-band spectrum is used for defense-related purposes.
• He stated that the traditional approach of clearing government-held spectrum for auctions is becoming increasingly unsustainable.
  • He commented that the U.S. cannot compromise its combat capabilities, that there are fewer places to move spectrum for combat systems, and that moving this spectrum is costly and time consuming.
  • He noted that clearing the lower 30 GHz spectrum band for exclusive use would take 20 years and cost $120 billion.
• He remarked that shared spectrum can address the aforementioned spectrum problems and commented that advancements in dynamic spectrum management enable government and commercial users to coexist.
• He stated that the success of the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CRBS) proves that a shared spectrum management approach can be effective.
  • He noted how the CRBS supports a diverse range of users (including schools, factories, and disaster recovery efforts) while fostering competition and innovation.
• He remarked that the U.S. must prioritize coexistence and shared spectrum models to maintain its global leadership within the spectrum space.
• He called on Congress to extend the FCC’s spectrum auction authority while embracing both shared license auctions and unlicensed WiFi designations.
  • He commented that this would entail allocating more spectrum for WiFi networks and exploring shared models in critical mid-band ranges (such as the 3 GHz and 7 GHz bands).
• He stated that the adoption of forward-looking spectrum policies could accelerate the deployment of 5G technology, 6G technology, WiFi 7 technology, and WiFi 8 technology.
  • He added that these policies could strengthen national security and the U.S.’s global leadership within the spectrum space.

Mr. Brad Gillen (CTIA):

• He first testified that the U.S. wireless industry is responsible for 4.5 million jobs and invests $30 billion annually in innovation.
• He then remarked that U.S. spectrum policy has wide-ranging impacts on the U.S.’s economic opportunities, national security, and global competitiveness.
• He mentioned how he had previously requested that the Subcommittee expand access to spectrum in 2023 and stated that the need for spectrum has become even more urgent in the following two years.
  • He emphasized that both domestic and global demand for spectrum is growing and called it important for the U.S. to address this demand for spectrum.
• He noted how the amount of data traffic on wireless networks is growing and indicated that there is currently 100 trillion MB of data traffic on wireless networks.
  • He highlighted how the amount of data traffic on wireless networks had almost doubled within a two-year span.
• He attributed the recent growth in data traffic on wireless networks to the federal spectrum auctions in 2020 and 2021 and commented that these auctions had been necessary for providing sufficient spectrum capacity.
  • He also noted that the U.S. is projected to have almost three times as much data traffic on its wireless networks by the end of the decade.
• He warned that the U.S.’s current lack of spectrum auctions poses significant challenges and lamented that the FCC currently lacks the authority to conduct spectrum auctions.
• He testified that the U.S. wireless industry works to address current spectrum constraints through investing between $20 billion and $30 billion annually in making its wireless networks denser and in building more facilities.
  • He indicated that the U.S. wireless industry has 40 percent more facilities than it had a generation prior.
• He also remarked that the U.S. public and private sectors must be more efficient with spectrum resources given spectrum’s finite nature.
  • He noted that the U.S. is 42 times more efficient with the spectrum technology it uses on a per-MHz basis than it had been a generation prior.
• He stated that while the U.S.’s greater efficiency with its spectrum resources is necessary, he contended that this greater efficiency alone is not sufficient.
  • He asserted that the U.S. requires an increase of approximately 400 MHz of spectrum by 2027 and over 800 MHz of additional spectrum by 2029.
• He discussed how the U.S. government reserves nearly two-thirds of mid-band spectrum for their own use.
  • He highlighted how the federal government has 600 percent more mid-band spectrum than licensed spectrum users and that unlicensed spectrum users have 300 percent more mid-band spectrum than unlicensed spectrum users.
• He also mentioned how other countries are experiencing growing demand for spectrum and are making spectrum available more quickly.
  • He highlighted how China is positioned to have access to four times as much mid-band spectrum as the U.S. by 2027.
• He discussed how the Committee had historically worked on a bipartisan basis to provide the FCC with spectrum auction authority over the previous 30 years.
  • He noted how each reauthorization of this authority has typically involved instructions to the FCC for using said authority and described these instructions as “critical.”
• He remarked that robust access to spectrum would enable the U.S. to address various policy issues, including reducing household costs, bolstering the U.S.’s competitiveness with China, and creating jobs.
  • He mentioned how a recently released National Economic Research Associates (NERA) study had found that every 100 MHz of mid-band spectrum released for 5G creates 1.5 million jobs throughout the U.S. economy.
• He lastly stated that greater spectrum access could help to address the U.S.’s digital disparities in terms of connecting Americans to the internet through mobile broadband and home broadband services.
  • He expressed CTIA’s interest in partnering with the Subcommittee to ensure that all Americans can access the internet.

Ms. Diane Rinaldo (Open RAN Policy Coalition):

• She discussed how her coalition, the Open RAN Policy Coalition, works to promote the adoption of open and interoperable solutions within the RAN.
  • She testified that her coalition represents a diverse group of communication and technology companies and pursues policies to cultivate a competitive, secure, and resilient marketplace.
• She remarked that Open RAN technology has experienced “tremendous” growth since her coalition’s launch and noted how there have been over 100 global deployments of this technology.
  • She indicated that the U.S. has the largest Open RAN deployment, which is Dish Network’s Boost Mobile Open RAN 5G network.
• She stated that Open RAN technology has achieved its initial goal of providing additional vendor choice for mobile operators.
• She then remarked that the next two to four years are “critical” for ensuring the U.S.’s continued leadership and competitiveness within the global wireless technology space vis-a-vis China.
  • She described China’s efforts to dominate the wireless technology space as simultaneously wide-ranging, prolific, and focused.
• She warned that China is seeking to supplant the U.S. as the world’s leader in wireless technology innovation and market leadership.
  • She asserted that Chinese efforts in this space amount to state-sponsored market manipulation.
• She stated that the U.S. has had a “proud legacy” of leadership in wireless technology and referenced the U.S.’s leadership in developing 4G and 5G networks and in creating global positioning systems (GPSs).
  • She commented that these technologies have driven economic growth and job creation and have contributed billions of dollars annually to the U.S. economy.
• She discussed how wireless technology innovation has revolutionized various sectors (including health care, transportation, and manufacturing).
  • She noted how there exist estimates that 5G technology alone will create millions of jobs and contribute $1.5 trillion to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2035.
• She asserted however that achieving the aforementioned advancements depends on secure and efficient access to spectrum.
• She remarked that China’s dominance of the global wireless space is not inevitable and stated that the U.S. can remain the leader within this space so long its efforts are carefully stewarded, encouraged, and unleashed.
  • She commented that wireless technology innovators and companies prefer to do business in the U.S. over doing business in China.
• She stated that Congress and the U.S. government can maintain the U.S.’s advantage in the global wireless technology space through fostering an environment conducive to innovation, removing barriers for growth, and aligning policies to facilitate the expansion of spectrum.
  • She described spectrum as the “lifeblood” of wireless communications driving innovation, economic growth, and national security.
• She remarked that the U.S. requires sustained effort, investment, and collaboration to maintain its global leadership in wireless technology innovation.
  • She commented that optimizing spectrum, strengthening partnerships, and enhancing the U.S.’s participation in global forums would support U.S. innovation and leadership within the global spectrum space.

Mr. Chris Lewis (Public Knowledge):

• He remarked that the U.S. has led the world in wireless technology over the previous 30 years.
  • He largely attributed this leadership to “innovative and balanced” spectrum policies that have been carried out on a bipartisan basis.
• He stated that the U.S. has managed spectrum as a public asset and in the public interest while encouraging private investment and innovation.
• He noted how other governments by contrast effectively nationalize their spectrum and elaborated that these governments have exclusive authority to operate broadcast radio or authorize new uses of spectrum.
  • He indicated that these governments take spectrum actions through ministries under the direct control of the country’s chief executive.
• He discussed how the U.S. had established an independent agency to oversee spectrum use and commented that this approach seeks to encourage innovation and private investment through balancing the interests of a diverse range of spectrum users.
  • He indicated that these spectrum users include public safety bodies, local governments, and broadcasters.
• He also discussed how Congress has recognized that spectrum represents a unique non-renewable resource and has directed the FCC to manage the public airwaves for the public interest.
  • He explained that this means that no one can own the public airwaves, that policies governing licensees are balanced with public needs and come with public interest obligations, and that spectrum policies (including auction design and proceeds) should make efficient use of spectrum allocations and benefit the needs of the public.
• He remarked that current needs to connect all Americans include the deployment of NG911 systems, support for infrastructure needs, and support for digital inclusion funding needs in local communities.
  • He commented that local digital inclusion efforts lower the cost of broadband internet deployment while enabling communities of all sizes to make use of broadband infrastructure.
• He then discussed how the FCC (with Congressional authority) has experimented with new regulatory models to create competitive market opportunities and to foster innovation.
• He stated that WiFi technology is a product of regulatory innovation and mentioned how WiFi technology’s invention stems from the FCC’s opening of unlicensed spectrum for engineer and inventor experimentation.
  • He explained that these unlicensed spectrum bands allow for anyone to use any device for any purpose under FCC rules that prevent interference with licensed services.
  • He also noted how WiFi networks carry 53 percent of all internet traffic and almost 90 percent of all wireless internet traffic.
• He remarked that the U.S.’s support for WiFi technology and unlicensed spectrum innovation had been essential for its mobile communications “revolution.”
  • He also discussed how newer regulatory models for spectrum access (such as CBRS sharing models) are increasing spectrum access for small community institutions, rural communities, tribal communities, and other private sector firms outside of the large wireless carriers.
• He then noted how Congress had divided spectrum availability between federal and non-federal users at the NTIA and the FCC (respectively).
  • He also emphasized that Congress requires coordination on spectrum use between federal agencies and between federal and non-federal spectrum users.
• He stated that the NTIA and the FCC have worked to develop multiple memorandums of understanding (MoUs) to support cooperation between the agencies and to provide processes for balancing federal and commercial spectrum use needs.
  • He warned that this absence of cooperation would result in chaos and government infighting.
• He remarked that Congress could support the U.S.’s continued leadership in wireless technologies through permanently restoring the FCC’s auction authority.
  • He called this authority “critical” for enabling effective coordination between federal and commercial spectrum users, driving efficient use of public airwaves, and delivering public interest benefits.

Congressional Question Period:

Subcommittee Chairman Richard Hudson (R-NC):

• Chairman Hudson remarked that economic security is national security and contended that the U.S. requires a “balanced” spectrum policy that benefits the use of both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. He noted that while making licensed spectrum available is more challenging than making unlicensed spectrum available, he stated that the U.S. should not exclusively open up unlicensed spectrum. He asked Mr. Powell to discuss the current technological advancements that might increase the demand for unlicensed spectrum.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how the cable industry uses all forms of spectrum (including WiFi, shared licensed spectrum, and exclusive licensed spectrum) to compete. He remarked that parties must be creative moving forward in using all forms of spectrum allocation to be effective. He raised concerns that there exists a conflict between the spectrum that is readily available and the processes being used to allocate this spectrum. He expressed his NCTA’s commitment to advancing shared spectrum models. He noted how these shared spectrum models use sophisticated dynamic spectrum technology to coordinate and manage spectrum among uses and competing uses. He commented that this technology works “quite effectively.”
• Chairman Hudson then discussed how AI technology has received significant attention recently because of its potential to change many industries. He also noted how AI technology is putting significant demands on the U.S.’s resources. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether AI technology requires more spectrum bandwidth and whether AI technology will need to use licensed spectrum.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the U.S. requires more spectrum bandwidth to support AI technology and stated that AI technology can help all sectors. He mentioned how Vodafone Group’s CEO has warned that AI technology can strain available spectrum because of the dearth of cellular capacity to meet AI technology’s data needs. He remarked that the U.S. must ensure that its data networks are sufficiently robust to keep pace with AI technology innovation. He also called it important for AI technology innovation to occur within the U.S. He commented that data network capacity would help ensure that the innovation occurs domestically. He concluded that the U.S. must ensure that it possesses sufficient 5G spectrum availability.
• Chairman Hudson then remarked that Congress and the White House need to take a leading role in repurposing federal spectrum for commercial use. He commented that access to spectrum for both federal and commercial users is necessary for protecting U.S. national security. He stated however that federal agencies are not actively working to be more efficient with their current spectrum. He asked Ms. Rinaldo to identify the greatest challenges that federal agencies present when trying to make spectrum available.
  • Ms. Rinaldo recounted how she had previously sent a memorandum to all federal agencies while at the NTIA that had requested that the agencies conduct assessments of their spectrum needs. She noted that these agencies are now finally studying their spectrum needs. She remarked that federal agencies must make quicker spectrum policy decisions so that more spectrum can be made available.
• Chairman Hudson then asked the witnesses to address how domestic spectrum policy disputes impact the U.S.’s global leadership.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that the U.S.’s spectrum policies tend to influence the spectrum policies of other countries. He stated that spectrum policy disputes can cause U.S. inaction on spectrum policy issues, which can in turn reduce opportunities for the U.S. to influence global spectrum policies. He commented that U.S. global leadership in spectrum policy is important for influencing next generation wireless technologies, such as WiFi 7 technology and 6G technology.
  • Ms. Rinaldo expressed agreement with Mr. Lewis’s response. She stated that while spectrum policy debates have a time and purpose, she asserted that the U.S. must be unified when participating in global standards setting bodies.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the U.S.’s adversaries are unified across their governments, militaries, and industries in pursuing spectrum policies. He called it important for the U.S. to also take a similar unified approach to spectrum policy so that it can compete with these adversaries.
• Chairman Hudson indicated that his question period time had expired.

Subcommittee Ranking Member Doris Matsui (D-CA):

• Ranking Member Matsui discussed how the U.S. had gone six years without any comprehensive spectrum strategy prior to the Biden administration’s National Spectrum Strategy. She stated that protracted spectrum disputes had compromised the U.S.’s ability to optimize its use of spectrum resources during these six years. She remarked that the U.S. must maintain consistency regarding its spectrum policy if the U.S. is to remain the global leader in spectrum innovation. She asked Mr. Lewis to discuss the importance of the National Spectrum Strategy for ensuring that the U.S. remains the global leader on wireless technologies. She also asked Mr. Lewis to discuss the importance of continuing this Strategy.
  • Mr. Lewis described the National Spectrum Strategy as an “important step forward.” He noted that the Strategy had provided instructions for studying five spectrum bands that could provide future spectrum availability. He also noted how the Strategy had addressed long-term spectrum planning and research into technological developments (such as dynamic spectrum sharing). He commented that these technological developments could make the U.S.’s use of spectrum more efficient. He further mentioned how the Strategy seeks to foster cooperation between federal and non-federal spectrum users. He reiterated his support for the Strategy and stated that the U.S. must continue pursuing the Strategy.
• Ranking Member Matsui then asked Mr. Gillen and Mr. Powell to indicate whether the U.S. can afford to delay studies of spectrum bands and undo the National Spectrum Strategy’s progress in increasing spectrum access.
  • Mr. Gillen answered no.
  • Mr. Powell also answered no. He called it important for the U.S. to study spectrum bands and make the spectrum bands available.
• Ranking Member Matsui then remarked that the U.S. should modernize its telecommunications network through open and interoperable solutions that diversify supply chains and that create new opportunities for U.S. innovators. She mentioned how the DoD has partnered with members of the Open RAN Policy Coalition to leverage commercial wireless technologies for secure and resilient networks. She asked Ms. Rinaldo to recommend spectrum policies that could enhance national security through commercial innovation.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that the DoD has been “incredibly bullish” on Open RAN technology and is working with the Open RAN Policy Coalition’s member companies to deploy 5G technology around the world. She stated however that DoD budget cuts undermine these 5G deployment efforts at U.S. military bases. She called for continued DoD funding for 5G deployment efforts and continued partnerships between the DoD and the private sector on these deployment efforts.
• Ranking Member Matsui then discussed how demand for spectrum is growing and stated that there no longer exists spectrum that can easily be accessed. She remarked that the U.S. must maintain a unified federal spectrum policy to ensure a sustainable spectrum pipeline. She asked Mr. Lewis to discuss how the federal government’s lack of a unified spectrum policy had previously harmed consumers and innovators.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that U.S. innovators desire spectrum reliability. He stated that the National Spectrum Strategy and clarity surrounding the availability of spectrum bands would help provide certainty for innovators.
• Ranking Member Matsui asked Mr. Gillen to discuss the importance of having a unified federal spectrum policy. She also asked Mr. Gillen to discuss why the spectrum policy decisions of foreign governments are important.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the U.S.’s success depends on a unified federal spectrum policy. He expressed appreciation for Ranking Member Matsui’s efforts to ensure that the NTIA serves as the leader on the federal government’s strategy and resolves spectrum disputes between federal departments and agencies. He noted that while the U.S. is a large market, he indicated that the U.S. only accounts for 4 percent of global wireless connections. He called U.S. global leadership within the spectrum space important and stated that the U.S. must ensure that other countries use U.S. equipment.
• Ranking Member Matsui then remarked that “cutting edge” technologies (such as dynamic spectrum sharing) could support the efficient use of finite spectrum resources. She stated that emerging technologies (such as AI technology) could be leveraged to better manage spectrum. She asked Mr. Powell and Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how investments in emerging technologies (such as AI technology) improve spectrum efficiency and management.
  • Mr. Powell called investments in emerging technologies “critical” for improving spectrum efficiency and management. He asserted that there exist “stunning” advancements in the ability to use spectrum more efficiently and to enable multiple users to make use of the same spectrum bands simultaneously without interference. He commented that these advancements would enable greater competition and innovation.
  • Ms. Rinaldo stated that Open RAN technology would support many spectrum management use cases.

Full Committee Chairman Brett Guthrie (R-KY):

• Chairman Guthrie noted that while the NTIA is supposed to manage federal spectrum use, he indicated that many federal agencies also attempt to manage their own spectrum. He asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss why this dynamic is suboptimal and to identify the problems that result from this dynamic.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that a fragmented spectrum policy approach would inhibit the U.S.’s progress within the spectrum space. She stated that a fragmented spectrum policy approach foregoes the efficiencies yielded from the U.S. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC), which she explained is a body that helps to coordinate federal spectrum management. She also stated that a fragmented spectrum policy approach poses national security concerns. She asserted that individual federal agencies should not be responsible for the cybersecurity of their individual spectrum bands.
• Chairman Guthrie interjected to ask Ms. Rinaldo to confirm that some federal agencies are seeking to manage their own spectrum.
  • Ms. Rinaldo commented that some federal agencies would like to manage their own spectrum.
• Chairman Guthrie then asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how the federal government’s internal spectrum policy disagreements had undermined the U.S.’s effectiveness at the 2023 WRC. He also asked Ms. Rinaldo to address how China could take advantage of the U.S.’s reduced effectiveness in international standard setting bodies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that U.S. participation in international conferences requires significant preparation and noted that this preparation involves U.S. coordination with other international partners. She stated that the U.S.’s internal disagreements can undermine its ability to effectively participate in international standard setting bodies.
• Chairman Guthrie interjected to ask Ms. Rinaldo to explain the federal government’s internal spectrum policy disagreements that had preceded the 2023 WRC.
  • Ms. Rinaldo noted how federal agencies had disagreed regarding the ownership of specific spectrum bands. She stated that the U.S.’s adversaries want the U.S. to have internal disagreements because these disagreements weaken the U.S.’s ability to robustly advance its spectrum policy priorities in global forums.
• Chairman Guthrie asked Ms. Rinaldo to explain the advantages that China could obtain within the spectrum space through influencing international standard setting bodies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that China’s success in international standard setting bodies provides advantages to Chinese vendors. She noted that manufacturing radios is expensive and commented that favorable standards make it easier to construct radios. She stated that the Open RAN Policy Coalition’s member companies want to more easily construct radios.
• Chairman Guthrie asked Ms. Rinaldo to elaborate on the spectrum standards that are considered at international standard setting bodies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo explained that international standard setting bodies determine the spectrum bands that are permissible. She noted that China seeks to influence these determinations to advantage their radios in the global market.
• Chairman Guthrie stated that China wants to become the dominant player in the global spectrum space so that other countries must pursue technologies that are interoperable with Chinese products.

Full Committee Ranking Member Frank Pallone (D-NJ):

• Ranking Member Pallone raised concerns over reports that Congressional Republicans are seeking to spend $70 billion in spectrum auction proceeds to pay for tax cuts for wealthy Americans. He stated that these proceeds should instead be invested in bipartisan public safety priorities (such as NG911 technology). He asked Mr. Lewis to indicate whether Congress has ever directed spectrum auction proceeds to pay for tax cuts for billionaires.
  • Mr. Lewis stated that he was not aware of Congress having ever directed spectrum auction proceeds to pay for tax cuts for billionaires.
• Ranking Member Pallone asked Mr. Lewis to discuss why using spectrum auction proceeds to deploy NG911 networks is a “worthwhile” investment.
  • Mr. Lewis described NG911 as an “important public interest need” and stated that all Americans benefit from secure emergency networks and faster emergency services. He also stated that using spectrum auction proceeds to deploy NG911 networks is in accordance with the Communications Act’s mandate. He explained that this law seeks to ensure that all Americans are connected to reliable, secure, and affordable communications.
• Ranking Member Pallone commended the U.S.’s previous use of spectrum auction proceeds for “public purposes.” He expressed opposition to proposals that would use these proceeds to fund tax cuts for corporations and wealthy Americans. He then remarked that his constituents are mainly interested in federal policies that could reduce their monthly internet bills. He asked Mr. Lewis to indicate whether the FCC should require wireless service providers to offer an affordable service option.
  • Mr. Lewis commented that having the FCC require wireless service providers to offer an affordable service option would be satisfactory. He asserted however that such offerings would be an inadequate substitute for restoring the low-income subsidy for broadband internet service that had expired in 2024. He noted that low-income consumers would still need to pay for the affordable wireless service option.
• Ranking Member Pallone asked Mr. Lewis to confirm that other policies could be just as important for expanding access to wireless services.
  • Mr. Lewis expressed support for the previous low-income subsidy for broadband service. He noted how 20 million Americans had received this subsidy and stated that these Americans now must make difficult budgetary choices without the subsidy.
• Ranking Member Pallone expressed support for the previous low-income subsidy for broadband service and stated that Congress should work to continue or expand the subsidy. He then mentioned how the Biden administration had adopted the National Spectrum Strategy and highlighted how the Committee had provided bipartisan support for the Strategy. He noted how the Strategy required the federal government to undertake studies of certain spectrum bands before making any final decisions on whether or how the bands should be made commercially available. He asked Mr. Lewis and Powell to indicate whether completing these studies would enable the U.S. to more effectively compete against China and other countries.
  • Mr. Lewis answered affirmatively. He stated that the National Spectrum Strategy’s studies would help resolve U.S.’s internal spectrum-related disputes across federal departments and agencies. He elaborated that these studies would establish scientific information about different spectrum bands. He commented that this information could serve as the basis for spectrum policy coordination across federal departments and agencies.
  • Mr. Powell noted that the spectrum bands being evaluated under the National Spectrum Strategy are the bands that industry wants to be made commercially available. He stated that these spectrum bands are “heavily encumbered.” He commented that there exist complex questions associated with the current users of these bands and the potential commercial use of the bands. He also stated there must occur continued evaluation of the liability of making spectrum bands commercially available and the appropriate approach for making these bands commercially available.

Subcommittee Vice Chair Rick Allen (R-GA):

• Vice Chair Allen asked Mr. Powell and Ms. Rinaldo to explain why it is important for the U.S.’s strategic competition with China for more spectrum to be made available for their use.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that the U.S. should take a “multi-front” approach in competing with China and should focus on competing in areas where China has weaknesses. He stated that the U.S.’s WiFi innovations are “unprecedented.” He commented that China does not embrace WiFi innovations because these innovations would empower Chinese citizens. He remarked that China maintains a “command and control” exclusive spectrum licensing regime because China wants to control their population. He added that China wants other countries to take similar policy approaches to spectrum licensing policy.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that the U.S. must bring new spectrum online to enable the deployment of Open RAN technology. She stated that this effort would entail updating networks and would rely upon innovation from the U.S. and its allies.
• Vice Chair Allen then mentioned how he would be introducing the Spectrum Pipeline Act of 2025. He commented that this legislation is designed to ensure the efficient allocation of mid-band spectrum. He remarked that wireless communications technology is a “cornerstone” of the U.S.’s strategic competition with China. He stated that this legislation provides a way to promote wireless innovation while protecting national security interests. He asked Mr. Gillen to explain why this legislation is needed and to discuss how the legislation would benefit the U.S.’s economic and national security.
  • Mr. Gillen first thanked Vice Chair Allen for introducing the Spectrum Pipeline Act of 2025 and stated that the legislation would address many current spectrum challenges. He asserted that the U.S. must work quickly and decisively to allocate spectrum and commented that Congress has a role to play in directing spectrum allocations. He remarked that the legislation is flexible in allowing for federal agencies to determine which spectrum bands ought to be allocated. He stated that the U.S. must be the leader in both unlicensed spectrum and 5G technology. He remarked that the legislation would help address the U.S.’s current challenges regarding 5G technology. He also stated that the legislation would enable the U.S. to regain global leadership on 5G technology.
• Vice Chair Allen then mentioned how his rural Congressional District continues to lack consistent mobile phone service. He asked Mr. Gillen to provide assurances that CTIA’s member companies are making the necessary investments in upgrading their cellular towers and in building new cellular towers when necessary.
  • Mr. Gillen testified that CTIA’s member companies are continuing to build out their cellular tower networks. He stated that the cellular service challenges in rural areas underscore the importance of full-power spectrum. He noted that many shared spectrum models would require seven times as many facilities to cover the same geography as a full-power spectrum facility. He also stated that the FCC’s 5G Fund could help supplement and complement rural spectrum deployment efforts. He concluded that the U.S. must geographically expand its spectrum deployments.
• Vice Chair Allen asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether there exist any actions that Congress could take to help companies build more cellular towers in rural areas.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that Congress’s continued work on permitting reform would help companies to build cellular towers faster and in more places. He also called on the U.S. to provide more full-power spectrum.
• Vice Chair Allen then asked Mr. Gillen to explain the difference in the approach to spectrum policy between the first Trump administration and the recent Biden administration. He also asked Mr. Gillen to provide recommendations for improving the U.S.’s spectrum policy and to indicate how long it would take to improve this policy.
  • Mr. Gillen mentioned how the first Trump administration had released more spectrum than any other administration in U.S. history. He specifically highlighted how the first Trump administration had auctioned 380 MHz of mid-band spectrum and indicated that this auction had generated over $100 billion. He stated that the spectrum directly adjacent to this previously released spectrum is “prime” for being made available. He remarked that the first Trump administration’s unified approach to spectrum policy had provided the U.S. with a strong plan for making spectrum available.
• Vice Chair Allen called it important for the U.S. to make spectrum available in a quick and bipartisan fashion. He commented that this work would help ensure the U.S.’s global leadership in wireless technology.

Rep. Darren Soto (D-FL):

• Rep. Soto described spectrum as one of the U.S.’s most valuable commodities. He highlighted how spectrum supports cellular phones, 6G technology, AI technology, commercial rockets, telehealth, streaming, gaming, internet, and e-commerce. He called it critical for the U.S. to ensure access to spectrum for commercial and technical uses. He lamented that Congress had allowed for the FCC’s spectrum auction authority to lapse in 2023 and stated that Congress must address this lapse. He noted how the FCC’s spectrum auction proceeds have historically supported public safety and national security programs. He indicated that these programs include FirstNet and the FCC’s Rip and Replace Program. He also stated that communications systems would require more future investments given technological and competition advancements. He specifically called for the U.S. to make its telecommunications system more resilient to cybersecurity hacks. He asserted that the U.S. should reinvest the proceeds from spectrum auctions into its telecommunications system and not use the proceeds to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans. He warned that the U.S.’s failure to reinvest these proceeds into its telecommunications system would make Americans more vulnerable to identity theft, ransomware, and spying. He then raised concerns that China has made nearly four times the amount of mid-band spectrum available for commercial use relative to the U.S. in recent years. He stated that a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators has opposed making more mid-band spectrum commercially available. He asked Mr. Gillen to discuss the consequences of the U.S.’s continued failure to make more spectrum available.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the U.S.’s failure to make more spectrum available would result in slower internet speeds. He asserted that reliant and resilient networks are very important for the manufacturing, health care, and transportation sectors. He stated that China’s greater spectrum availability is providing the country with a competitive advantage in their ability to innovate. He highlighted how there exist 14 times more 5G technology-connected factories in China than in the U.S and attributed this dynamic to the U.S.’s spectrum policy. He also noted that there exist four global spectrum bands for 5G. He indicated that China supports three of these bands while the U.S. supports none of these bands. He remarked that the U.S. must become more competitive within the global spectrum space.
• Rep. Soto then asked Ms. Rinaldo to explain why the DoD has impeded efforts to make spectrum more available.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that there exists a lack of trust among federal departments and agencies surrounding efforts to make spectrum more available. She acknowledged that the DoD has legitimate national security concerns surrounding efforts to make spectrum more available. She stated that industry stakeholders want to ensure that national security needs are protected. She remarked however that the U.S. must work to ensure that all spectrum users (including public sector and private sector users) can take advantage of new efficiencies within the spectrum space. She stated that the U.S. must restore trust within the federal government related to spectrum allocation decisions.
• Rep. Soto then asked Mr. Lewis to recommend three areas for reinvestment in telecommunications systems that could be funded using federal spectrum auction proceeds.
  • Mr. Lewis recommended that the U.S. use its spectrum auction proceeds to fund NG911 systems, digital inclusion efforts, and other telecommunications infrastructure needs. He also stated that spectrum auction proceeds are difficult to predict and have their own costs. He commented that these realities require U.S. policymakers to be deliberate in their allocation of spectrum proceeds.

Rep. Bob Latta (R-OH):

• Rep. Latta remarked that the U.S.’s national security depends on its ability to maintain an advantage in advanced technologies. He commented that the Committee has acted decisively to ensure this advantage in the AV, data security, and spectrum spaces. He lamented the expiration of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. He called this authority “crucial” for enabling wireless technologies to be developed and deployed within the U.S. He noted that the U.S.’s availability of unlicensed spectrum has been responsible for many innovations. He asked Mr. Powell to indicate whether technology would likely make spectrum sharing easier and more effective moving forward. He also asked Mr. Powell to address how the U.S. could foster sufficient trust across federal departments and agencies to enable spectrum sharing opportunities.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how the U.S. has increasingly employed advanced technologies on WiFi and CBRS spectrum to allow for conflicting uses of the spectrum to coexist cooperatively. He commented that these technologies enable more spectrum to be made available to users. He then discussed how the DoD and other government bodies believe that other parties are seeking to take spectrum away from them, which diminishes their trust in the spectrum allocation process. He noted how the DoD has a constitutional obligation to protect U.S. national security and how any suboptimal internet performance can undermine the DoD’s efforts. He stated that U.S. policymakers must work diligently to restore the DoD’s trust in the spectrum allocation process. He remarked that shared spectrum models could expand access to spectrum for commercial users while providing the DoD with confidence that their efforts would not be undermined.
• Rep. Latta then asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how a diverse spectrum ecosystem would strengthen U.S. national security and protect against foreign cyberattacks.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that overreliance on a single spectrum band would be unwise and stated that the U.S. should diversify its spectrum use. She discussed how GPS technology is very vulnerable given its reliance on a single spectrum band. She stated that the failure to diversify spectrum allocations results in the creation of high value targets.
• Rep. Latta then noted how Ms. Rinaldo had stated that the U.S. should not adopt China’s approach to spectrum policy. He asked Ms. Rinaldo to identify areas where the U.S. could encourage domestic spectrum innovation and spread U.S. wireless values abroad.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that China operates its spectrum policy through fiat and has a small number of spectrum-related companies. She indicated that the U.S. has hundreds of spectrum-related companies by contrast. She called it important for the U.S. to foster collaboration amongst its spectrum-related companies through public-private partnerships. She stated that the U.S.’s large number of spectrum-related companies provides it with an advantage over China regarding spectrum innovation.
• Rep. Latta then asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether there exist spectrum bands that have already been studied by the NTIA that should be part of the spectrum pipeline.
  • Mr. Gillen answered affirmatively. He noted that Congress could direct the FCC to auction off particular spectrum bands or spectrum within a given range. He remarked that Congress should include directions for spectrum auctions as part of any legislation providing the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He then noted how the 3 GHz band and the 7/8 GHz band are two global spectrum bands and indicated that the National Spectrum Strategy has identified these spectrum bands. He described these spectrum bands as “key parts” of the U.S.’s spectrum “roadmap” going forward.
• Rep. Latta remarked that Congress must provide the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He commented that this authority provides the U.S. with a revenue source and increases spectrum availability.

Rep. Raul Ruiz (D-CA):

• Rep. Ruiz discussed how many of his constituents experience persistent challenges related to limited broadband internet access, inadequate cellular phone coverage, and aging infrastructure. He commented that his Congressional District is one of the most under-resourced and rural communities within California. He stated that his Congressional District’s lack of high-speed internet creates obstacles for students, small businesses, and families. He remarked that the need to expand broadband internet access to tribal nations is particularly pressing and noted how these nations experience some of the lowest internet connectivity rates within the U.S. He contended that addressing digital disparities would ensure equitable access to education and economic opportunity and to provide essential services (such as telehealth) to vulnerable communities. He added that internet connectivity challenges had especially harmed vulnerable communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. He stated that the U.S. must prioritize modernizing its telecommunications infrastructure in order to address digital disparities and to expand opportunities for all Americans. He asked Mr. Lewis to discuss how the absence of broadband internet access impacts communities. He also asked Mr. Lewis to comment on the national security implications of this absence of broadband access.
  • Mr. Lewis mentioned how he had personally served on a local school board and had seen first-hand how a lack of broadband internet connectivity could create educational challenges for students. He remarked that broadband internet connectivity promotes economic development and opportunities. He also stated that the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program’s investments would support access to wireless connectivity through supporting the buildout of fiber infrastructure. He further discussed the importance of having the U.S. use multiple means of spectrum deployments to improve broadband internet connectivity. He indicated that these different means can include licensed spectrum, shared spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, and TV White Space spectrum. He explained that TV White Space spectrum refers to the spectrum between television channels and commented that this spectrum can be used for broadband deployments.
• Rep. Ruiz interjected to remark that broadband internet connectivity gaps pose “critical” risks during emergency situations. He recounted how his Congressional District had recently experienced 911 system outages. He mentioned how first responders had directed people to call alternative phone numbers or to text message 911 during this recent episode. He further mentioned how his Congressional District has experienced 911 system outages on several occasions. He asserted that the inability to reach first responders during emergency situations is unacceptable. He then recounted how the Subcommittee had previously worked on a bipartisan basis to provide federal and state governments with the necessary resources to transition to nationwide NG911 systems. He stated that NG911 technology would modernize the U.S.’s currently outdated 911 infrastructure and would allow for texts, pictures, and videos to be sent to 911 centers. He commented that these features would improve communications and location tracking during emergency situations and ensure better coordination during natural disasters. He asked Mr. Lewis to elaborate on how investments in NG911 systems would benefit U.S. communities.
  • Mr. Lewis stated that cellular phones serve as a “lifeline” for U.S. emergency services and reaching loved ones during emergency situations.
• Rep. Ruiz also stated that the lack of NG911 systems can imperil people facing health emergencies. He remarked that the U.S. should use the proceeds from the FCC’s spectrum auctions to expand NG911 services and not use the proceeds to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans.

Rep. Gus Bilirakis (R-FL):

• Rep. Bilirakis lamented how Congress had allowed for the FCC’s spectrum auction authority to lapse for two years. He noted however that the U.S. House of Representatives had worked to address this lapse during the previous 118th Congress. He remarked that reauthorizing the FCC’s spectrum auction authority remains a top priority for both Committee Republicans and Committee Democrats. He stated that the Committee should work to both reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority and develop process reforms for the FCC. He then discussed how federal agencies have previously attempted to stymie the FCC’s spectrum auctions (including in instances where spectrum auctions had already been held and bidders had won provisional licenses). He asked Mr. Gillen to address how federal agency meddling in completed FCC spectrum auctions impacts the value of spectrum licenses. He also asked Mr. Gillen to recommend how Congress could address this federal agency meddling in spectrum auctions.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that spectrum bidders hate uncertainty. He noted that these bidders expect to use spectrum acquired through FCC spectrum auctions to quickly deliver service to consumers. He lamented that these bidders have sometimes been prevented from using their acquired spectrum. He remarked that the NTIA should be empowered to determine spectrum allocations and that federal agencies and industry stakeholders ought to abide by NTIA determinations. He stated that Congress should empower the spectrum experts at the FCC and the NTIA to decide how the U.S.’s spectrum resources should be used.
• Rep. Bilirakis then discussed how recent natural disasters (including hurricanes in the southeastern U.S. and the Los Angeles wildfires) necessitate that certain communities be rebuilt. He asked Mr. Powell to address how permitting policies will impact these rebuilding efforts. He also asked Mr. Powell to identify actions that Congress could take to support quicker and more cost-effective rebuilding of broadband networks in these affected areas.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that the efficient receipt of permitting is essential. He testified that NCTA’s members are often prevented from deploying rural fiber infrastructure projects due to permitting delays. He indicated that these permitting delays occur at both the federal and state levels. He also noted how recovering infrastructure efforts must consider the quality of the poles that will be reinstalled. He elaborated that policymakers must decide whether to reinstall the same quality of poles that had existed prior to the disaster or to install poles that are more weather resilient and that can handle stronger broadband networks. He mentioned how certain telecommunications companies (such as Charter Communications) have learned lessons from recent natural disasters regarding how to improve coordination with power and utility companies to avoid infrastructure being cut post-restoration. He stated that Congress and local governments can play a major role in improving broadband network disaster recovery efforts.
• Rep. Bilirakis mentioned how President Trump had signed an Executive Order (EO) during his first term that had streamlined environmental permitting processes for infrastructure projects. He noted how this EO had particularly highlighted infrastructure projects meant to increase public safety. He stated that this EO had enabled Pasco County, Florida (which is located within his Congressional District) to get an infrastructure project “shovel ready” after 25 years of permitting reviews. He indicated however that President Biden had subsequently rolled back President Trump’s EO from his first term. He noted that President Trump had recently signed a new EO that would streamline the environmental permitting process for infrastructure projects. He highlighted how some experts have projected that the recent EO could significantly reduce permitting timelines. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate how much time and money is spent on the environmental review process for broadband infrastructure projects relative to the time and money spent on building broadband infrastructure projects.
  • Mr. Gillen noted that the U.S. Department of Commerce indicates that permitting decisions can take “well over two years.” He also noted that spectrum allocation decisions and permitting approvals for spectrum-related infrastructure projects are distinct processes. He stated that the time delays associated with building spectrum-related infrastructure projects are especially burdensome. He expressed support for efforts to modernize permitting programs so that industry stakeholders can build out broadband infrastructure more quickly and with more certainty and transparency.

Rep. Scott Peters (D-CA):

• Rep. Peters discussed how his city of San Diego’s economy is largely dependent on science, innovation, and the U.S. military and commented that spectrum policy relates to these three areas. He stated that San Diego’s industries are at the “forefront” of innovation and highlighted how Qualcomm is headquartered within his Congressional District. He commented that Qualcomm plays a “pivotal” role in advancing 5G and 6G technologies. He noted how innovators (including Qualcomm) have asserted that more spectrum is needed to meet demand from an increasingly online population and to compete globally. He asked Mr. Gillen to discuss the increasing demand for low-cost and high-quality broadband internet service and how this increasing demand relates to the need to make spectrum more commercially available.
  • Mr. Gillen discussed how 5G technology has enabled wireless service companies to compete in the home broadband internet market. He elaborated that wireless service companies can now provide broadband internet services in rural areas and areas lacking broadband internet service competition. He stated that wireless broadband internet service has been an attractive product and indicated that 10 million households have signed up for this service. He also mentioned how one study had estimated that wireless broadband internet service could provide $8 billion in savings. He stated however that spectrum supply constraints limit the ability of wireless service companies to offer wireless broadband internet service. He mentioned how one wireless service company has a one million person waiting list for its services.
• Rep. Peters asked Mr. Gillen to indicate how efficient the wireless service industry is with its current spectrum holdings. He also asked Mr. Gillen to identify opportunities for the federal government to be more efficient with the spectrum that it uses.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that both the public and private sectors must be more efficient with their spectrum holdings. He stated that the U.S. reinvents its technology every decade and that the U.S. has become significantly more efficient with its spectrum use. He noted however that there remain government systems from the 1970s in operation. He stated that the U.S. government needs better resources and tools to improve its spectrum efficiency.
• Rep. Peters then mentioned how the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) had directed the DoD to study and plan for making specific segments of spectrum available for shared federal and non-federal use. He indicated that these efforts are meant to identify potential spectrum frequencies for auction. He asked Mr. Powell to explain why it is important for the federal government to take a comprehensive approach when studying spectrum currently being used by DoD for potential commercial use.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that spectrum has value for multiple important public uses and emphasized that both commercial users and critical system providers rely upon spectrum. He mentioned how he had served in the U.S. military and had been trained to identify and shutdown enemy antennas. He commented that these efforts are key for disrupting the ability of the U.S.’s enemies to operate. He also discussed how spectrum enables governments to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and highlighted how Israel depends on this capability to defend itself. He remarked that the U.S. must develop a plan for expanding commercial access to spectrum without compromising the U.S. military’s ability to execute its missions. He noted that the DoD had concluded that the DoD could make parts of its spectrum available for commercial use. He stated however that this issue has subsequently been restudied. He partially attributed this restudy to opposition from the wireless service industry to the DoD’s initial findings. He asserted that the U.S. could have already worked to make more DoD spectrum available for commercial use.
• Rep. Peters expressed interest in working with stakeholders to address the U.S.’s spectrum needs.

Rep. Neal Dunn (R-FL):

• Rep. Dunn remarked that the Committee’s directions for national spectrum usage influence the operations of all telecommunications both nationally and globally. He stated that President Trump has a strong understanding of spectrum policy and had successfully led several innovative spectrum policies during his first term. He noted how the FCC had opened up approximately 6,000 MHz of spectrum for licensed use between 2017 and 2020. He also noted how the FCC had opened up thousands of additional MHz of spectrum for unlicensed use during this period. He stated that the first Trump administration had put four times more spectrum into the commercial marketplace for consumer use than the Biden administration had studied to put into use. He then mentioned how Congress had allowed for the FCC’s spectrum auction authority to expire in 2023 for the first time in three decades. He commented that this expiration coincides with China increasing its efforts to make spectrum more available and improving its spectrum-related technology offerings. He remarked that the Committee is responsible for providing the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He stated that the Committee must determine how much spectrum the U.S. needs for commercial use and for government use. He also stated that the Committee must determine whether the public and private sectors can share spectrum resources. He further stated that the Committee must determine the U.S.’s licensed and unlicensed spectrum needs for the commercial sector. He then recounted how the U.S. had previously lagged Europe in its adoption of 3G technology. He noted however that the U.S. had subsequently led in the adoption of 4G technology. He stated that the U.S. is now competing with a “cutthroat adversary” in China in its efforts to develop and deploy 5G and 6G technology. He cautioned that U.S. leadership in 5G and 6G technology is not guaranteed unless the U.S. protects its telecommunications infrastructure. He commented that the U.S. would need to work with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the WRC. He also remarked that the U.S. will need to diversify its spectrum uses for satellite and AI technology and asserted that these efforts will be critical for keeping foreign adversaries out of the U.S. telecommunications system. He stated that the U.S.’s adversaries have demonstrated their hostile intentions through disrupting at least six submarine cables during the previous six months. He expressed interest in working on a bipartisan basis to address the aforementioned challenges. He then asked Ms. Rinaldo to identify the safest and most secure path for expanding commercial use of spectrum bands. He also Ms. Rinaldo to discuss the future of Open RAN technology.
  • Ms. Rinaldo mentioned how Canada had banned Huawei in 2022 and is currently working to replace its Huawei infrastructure. She noted how an executive from Canadian telecommunications company Telus had indicated that the company would become fully reliant upon Open RAN technology by 2029. She also noted how this executive had cited vendor lock concerns as the reason for Telus’s transition to Open RAN technology. She commented that Telus’s newfound ability to choose from multiple vendors will make the company nimbler. She concluded that the transition to Open RAN technology would address national security concerns and enhance commercial connectivity.
• Rep. Dunn indicated that he would submit additional questions for the hearing’s record to the witnesses.

Rep. Robin Kelly (D-IL):

• Rep. Kelly remarked that Congress should invest spectrum auction proceeds in ways that benefit local communities and public interest objectives. She mentioned how bipartisan legislation from the previous 118th Congress would have directed some spectrum auction proceeds to historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) to help them increase broadband internet adoption in their local communities. She stated that these communities are often under-resourced and lack affordable and reliable broadband internet connectivity. She asked Mr. Lewis to indicate whether the U.S. should direct spectrum auction proceeds to expand broadband internet service adoption in communities served by HCBUs and MSIs.
  • Mr. Lewis answered affirmatively. He mentioned how minority communities are currently leading many digital inclusion efforts at HBCUs and MSIs. He stated that these community-led digital inclusion efforts leverage existing relationships to get people connected to broadband internet service.
• Rep. Kelly then mentioned how her Congressional District contains urban, suburban, and rural areas and highlighted how her Congressional District contains 4,500 farms. She stated that the expiration of the FCC’s ACP creates a significant challenge for low-income households seeking to afford internet service. She then discussed how unlicensed spectrum technologies (such as WiFi technology) has provided connectivity across all income levels due to their wide distribution and deployment. She asked Mr. Lewis to discuss the role that WiFi technology can play in helping to expand internet connectivity (especially considering the ACP’s expiration).
  • Mr. Lewis described WiFi technology as a “powerful tool” and noted how libraries and schools are loaning out WiFi hotspots for students that lack home internet connectivity. He also stated that unlicensed spectrum is important for supporting the next generation of diverse scientists and engineers. He noted how HBCUs are generating most of the U.S.’s Black scientists and engineers. He asserted that HBCUs require access to unlicensed spectrum to study and develop new innovations.
• Rep. Kelly then noted how Mr. Powell’s written testimony had asserted that shared spectrum models would be key for meeting the U.S.’s wireless technology needs. She asked Mr. Powell to explain why shared spectrum bands are attractive to a wide range of different entities (including internet service providers (ISPs), schools, libraries, and manufacturers).
  • Mr. Powell noted that shared spectrum auctions attract numerous bidders who win spectrum licenses (rather than a single company or a small number of companies). He highlighted how 228 entities had won licenses during the CBRS spectrum auction. He also noted that shared spectrum licenses involve lower power spectrum and smaller geographies. He commented that this dynamic allows innovation and communities to set up their own wireless networks. He highlighted how Howard University is currently using shared CBRS spectrum on its campus. He also discussed how many places throughout the U.S. are using CBRS spectrum to manage agricultural moisture control and automatic temperatures. He commented that these places would never have access to spectrum if not for shared spectrum models.
• Rep. Kelly asked Mr. Powell to elaborate on how the development of CBRS spectrum impacts precision agriculture.
  • Mr. Powell mentioned how the Missouri company Hurst Greenery has 600 acres of greenhouses. He noted how the company uses CBRS shared spectrum to control fertilizer feeds, check soil moisture, and automatically control temperatures. He stated that Hurst Greenery can access CBRS shared spectrum because of a FCC spectrum auction.
• Rep. Kelly mentioned how she had worked with Rep. Bob Latta (R-OH) to advance the Precision Agriculture Satellite Connectivity Act in the U.S. House of Representatives. She explained that this legislation would have directed the FCC to review its rules for certain satellite services to identify potential rule changes that could promote precision agriculture.

Rep. John Joyce (R-PA):

• Rep. Joyce remarked that the Committee has a commitment to smart and bipartisan policies that modernize and govern the use of spectrum. He expressed interest in working to address the FCC’s spectrum auction authority lapse and to generate new spectrum policy. He then discussed how NCTA members have leveraged spectrum and high-speed broadband networks in several innovative ways and are becoming mobile service providers. He asked Mr. Powell to discuss these developments and to address the role that unlicensed and shared spectrum have played in these developments.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how NCTA’s members have used available spectrum to enter the mobile telephone market. He noted how NCTA’s members offering mobile telephone services use WiFi technology and highlighted how between 80 percent and 90 percent of traffic uses WiFi infrastructure. He also indicated that NCTA’s members use shared license and licensed spectrum to offer mobile telephone service. He stated that these innovative uses of spectrum have enabled mobile services that are “dramatically cheaper” than other wireless plans. He testified that mobile service plans from cable companies save consumers up to $700 annually on average.
• Rep. Joyce then asked Mr. Gillen to discuss how CTIA’s members are using licensed spectrum to innovate in the wireless space. He also asked Mr. Gillen to address how the lapse in the FCC’s spectrum auction authority has impacted the ability of CTIA members to innovate.
  • Mr. Gillen discussed the growing popularity of 5G home broadband services and noted how 20 percent of 5G home broadband service users are new broadband internet service users. He also highlighted how 5G home broadband services have resulted in up to $8 billion to consumers as a result of greater competition. He then noted how some 5G home broadband service companies have waiting lists to accept new customers because of spectrum supply limitations. He remarked that a greater spectrum supply would expand competition in both the mobile wireless space and the fixed wireless space.
• Rep. Joyce then mentioned how 100 MHz of mid-band spectrum had been auctioned in the 3.45-3.55 GHz band for $22 billion during the first Trump administration. He noted that the estimated relocation costs by DoD for this auction were over $13 billion. He noted however that NTIA has indicated that less than $300 million has been spent on this relocation effort. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether this particular spectrum band is currently operational for commercial users. He also asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether these commercial users are currently operating with incumbent DoD operations.
  • Mr. Gillen discussed how there exist different types of shared spectrum. He noted how dynamic spectrum sharing involves real-time and preemptable sharing and commented that these features make it challenging for entities to reliably use the spectrum. He stated that the U.S. should convene engineers to identify which spectrum should remain under government control and which spectrum can be used elsewhere. He noted that the spectrum auction that Rep. Joyce had referenced is using its proceeds to support the U.S. Navy to design a better radar system. He stated that U.S. Spectrum Relocation Fund creates mutually beneficial opportunities that can support the U.S. in bolstering its military tools and in ensuring that these tools can coexist with 5G technologies.
• Rep. Joyce asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether potential U.S. military innovation is a byproduct of the additional funds generated through FCC spectrum auctions.
  • Mr. Gillen answered affirmatively. He stated that FCC spectrum auctions play a critical role in supporting the U.S. military’s efforts.
• Rep. Joyce then asked Ms. Rinaldo to identify policy priorities for Congress when developing federal spectrum policies. He also asked Ms. Rinaldo to identify any spectrum policy issues that Congress has not addressed and should be addressing.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that Congress should provide oversight of federal departments and agencies regarding their implementation of federal spectrum policy.

Rep. Nanette Barragán (D-CA):

• Rep. Barragán noted how there exists bipartisan agreement regarding the importance of extending the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. She raised concerns however over reports that Congressional Republicans may propose to use FCC spectrum auction proceeds to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans and corporations. She asserted that the U.S. should instead use these proceeds to support broadband and public safety initiatives. She stated that the recent Los Angeles wildfires underscore the importance of having robust emergency communications services during natural disasters. She also stated that Americans lacking broadband internet access often cannot access essential education, health, and commerce opportunities. She asked Mr. Lewis to discuss the challenges that out-of-date 911 systems could pose to communities.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that the absence of NG911 systems results in slower emergency responses. He noted how NG911 systems allow emergency responders to collect location information from devices and use alternative means of communication (such as text messages). He called it “incredibly important” for the U.S. to deploy NG911 systems everywhere.
• Rep. Barragán remarked that the U.S. should invest the proceeds from the FCC’s spectrum auctions into NG911 programs. She then asked Mr. Gillen to discuss how wireless networks support public safety communications and emergency alerts. She also asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether there exist any additional measures that the U.S. should consider for ensuring that people in emergencies receive timely and lifesaving information to improve emergency response efforts.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the recent Los Angeles wildfires reinforce the importance of emergency alerts. He highlighted how the FCC’s WEA program had sent 84,000 emergency alerts in recent weeks. He also discussed how the WEA program has gained functionality over time. He noted how this program can now target its emergency alerts to smaller geographic areas and provide increased optionality regarding the frequency that the messages are sent. He stated that the recent Los Angeles wildfires demonstrate the need for wireless networks to partner with public safety providers that commence the alert process. He remarked that the WEA program provides critical functionality and that the U.S. must improve on this program. He commented that these improvement efforts should involve empowering public safety providers to add to the emergency alerts and offering greater functionality for consumers and public safety providers.
• Rep. Barragán then discussed how the U.S. telecommunications sector is facing a significant workforce challenge. She noted how tens of thousands of skilled workers are needed to meet current and future telecommunications demands. She asked Mr. Powell to discuss the actions that NCTA’s member companies are taking to address this workforce shortage. She specifically expressed interest in how NCTA’s member companies are working on workforce development and engagement efforts with underrepresented communities.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that the U.S.’s telecommunications workforce shortage is a serious problem. He commented that this workforce shortage impedes the BEAD Program’s ability to support infrastructure deployments. He testified that NCTA’s member companies are focused on several significant workforce training programs. He indicated that these workforce training programs include programs targeted toward veterans and programs targeted toward young people. He stated that telecommunications work is not menial and expressed NCTA’s commitment to developing a telecommunications workforce that can support the universal deployment of broadband internet service.
• Rep. Barragán asked Mr. Gillen to discuss the efforts of CTIA member companies to support workforce development. She also asked Mr. Gillen to provide recommendations for how Congress could support workforce development within the U.S. telecommunications sector.
  • Mr. Gillen expressed agreement with Mr. Powell’s sentiments and remarked that the U.S. needs a ready telecommunications workforce. He noted how the Wireless Infrastructure Association maintains an apprenticeship program. He commented that telecommunications jobs pay well and provide good opportunities for workers. He then stated that predictable FCC spectrum auction schedules would signal to wireless tower companies when to hire workers to construct wireless infrastructure. He commented that there currently does not exist predictability surrounding the scheduling of FCC spectrum auctions. He concluded that the U.S. telecommunications workforce is critical for supporting the wireless industry’s objectives.

Rep. Russ Fulcher (R-ID):

• Rep. Fulcher discussed how his state of Idaho contains many rural areas and is experiencing significant population growth. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate what the cost would be if Congress fails to address licensed spectrum supply shortages.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that Congress’s failure to increase the availability of licensed spectrum would lead to diminished mobile phone service and impediments to the development of AI technology and other innovations. He asserted that the U.S. must ensure that it possesses sufficient licensed and unlicensed spectrum to meet the daily needs of Americans. He stated that an inadequate spectrum supply would cause internet speeds to slow down in high traffic areas. He remarked that Americans have an expectation that wireless service will improve every year. He commented that this improvement would be impossible absent greater spectrum availability.
• Rep. Fulcher stated that Mr. Gillen’s response underscores the need for Congress to address spectrum availability shortages. He then discussed how WiFi technology handles more traffic than any other form of wireless technology. He asked Mr. Powell to comment on the impending deployment of WiFi 7 technology and to address how this deployment will impact spectrum policies.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how stakeholders are very interested in WiFi 7 technology and noted how stakeholders had strongly emphasized this technology at the recent 2025 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). He explained that WiFi 7 technology would allow for faster data rates and wider channels. He discussed how U.S. homes have a growing number of internet-connected devices that tend to rely upon a single internet network. He stated that wider channels would enable applications with lower latency requirements (such as 4K or 8K video, virtual reality (VR) systems, and gaming). He concluded that WiFi 7 technology is critical for the innovative devices entering the U.S. market.
• Rep. Fulcher asked Mr. Powell to indicate whether unlicensed spectrum is important for research and development (R&D) efforts.
  • Mr. Powell answered affirmatively. He noted how WiFi technology is often used in research and medical environments.
• Rep. Fulcher then raised concerns over the telecommunications equipment being made by the U.S.’s adversaries (such as Huawei equipment). He asked Ms. Rinaldo to recommend actions that U.S. policymakers could take to encourage the use of trusted telecommunications equipment.
  • Ms. Rinaldo first remarked that the U.S. currently lacks deployable spectrum. She stated that Congress should work to reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority to make more spectrum available. She then suggested that U.S. policymakers leverage U.S. international assistance programs to support the use of trusted telecommunications equipment. She mentioned how the EXIM Bank’s risk caps often impede the funding of international telecommunications infrastructure projects. She mentioned how the Open RAN Policy Coalition is currently working with Congress on legislation that would permit the EXIM Bank to waive its risk caps when U.S. companies are competing against Chinese companies (such as Huawei or ZTE) for international telecommunications infrastructure projects. She commented that these proposed policies could expand the global deployment of Open RAN technology.
• Rep. Fulcher indicated that his question period time had expired and that he would submit additional questions for the hearing’s record.

Rep. Rob Menendez (D-NJ):

• Rep. Menendez described spectrum as one of the U.S.’s most important public resources and noted how spectrum enables smartphones, navigation systems, telehealth services, emergency alerts, and aviation systems. He stated that the U.S.’s management of radio airwaves impacts essential services, technological innovation, and digital inclusion. He called it important for federal spectrum policy to be designed in a manner that helps all Americans. He commented that this entails a range of spectrum access regimes that include exclusively licensed spectrum, shared licensed spectrum, and unlicensed spectrum. He asked Mr. Lewis to indicate whether using FCC spectrum auction proceeds to invest in digital infrastructure and programs that serve the public interest would support innovation and reduce digital disparities.
  • Mr. Lewis answered affirmatively. He commented that such investments would be in accordance with the Communications Act’s mission.
• Rep. Menendez expressed agreement with Mr. Lewis’s response. He raised concerns that Congressional Republicans are reportedly preparing to fund tax cuts for corporations and wealthy Americans using FCC spectrum auction proceeds as part of budget reconciliation legislation. He argued that FCC spectrum auction proceeds should instead be used to support affordable wireless service, public safety programs, and wireless innovation. He remarked that U.S. spectrum policies must serve the public interest and that Congressional extensions of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority must ensure that the maximum benefit is provided to Americans. He asked Mr. Lewis to address how the FCC should design spectrum licenses to ensure that wireless services are more accessible and affordable for Americans.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that the FCC should promote spectrum access models that provide the greatest benefit and efficiency. He noted how dynamic spectrum sharing can enable multiple spectrum users (including military users, licensed users, and unlicensed users) to simultaneously coexist on certain spectrum bands. He also stated that the FCC should administer spectrum auctions that produce additional public interest benefits (such as funding for NG911 systems).
• Rep. Menendez asked Mr. Lewis to address how the FCC’s spectrum licenses could be structured to ensure that communities that tend to be underserved by commercial licenses are not deprived of digital opportunities.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that shared spectrum models can provide digital opportunities for traditionally underserved communities. He stated that the CBRS band has provided spectrum opportunities for many unconnected communities (including rural communities and tribal communities). He commented that the CBRS band has enabled the construction of community-owned and built networks.
• Rep. Menendez then noted how Mr. Lewis had previously stated that properly designed FCC spectrum auctions could reshape the spectrum workforce. He asked Mr. Lewis to address how spectrum licenses could be structured to promote a robust and diverse spectrum workforce and to increase supplier diversity.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that the FCC has met their statutory mandate to promote vendor diversity. He noted how the FCC’s OCBO helps women and minority vendors in working with large carriers and providers within the spectrum space. He also mentioned how the FCC has created the Enhanced Competition Incentive Program (ECIP), which creates a secondary market for licensed spectrum. He explained that ECIP enables groups to access licensed spectrum that is going unused.

Rep. August Pfluger (R-TX):

• Rep. Pfluger noted how the DoD and the NTIA had concluded in the Emerging Mid-Band Radar Spectrum Sharing (EMBRSS) report that the 3 GHz spectrum band could not be cleared for exclusive use. He expressed interest in assessing the feasibility of pursuing a sharing model or a segment model for this spectrum band. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate what actions are needed from DoD to open up the 3 GHz spectrum band.
  • Mr. Gillen noted how the lower 3 GHz spectrum band consists of 350 MHz of spectrum. He commented that this amount of spectrum is similar to the amount of spectrum available for 5G technology. He stated that no one is advocating for eliminating the DoD’s access to spectrum. He recommended that the U.S. pursue segmentation strategies to maximize its use of limited spectrum resources. He noted how the DoD will replace the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) with the E-7A Wedgetail weapon system in 2032 and commented that policymakers should consider how this replacement will impact future spectrum availability. He also suggested that U.S. policymakers consider the feasibility of moving existing systems to different channels or reducing the sizes of the channels. He mentioned how the U.S. Navy is currently using FCC spectrum auction proceeds to move channels from S-band radars to X-band radars. He commented that X-band radars operate better in drone environments. He remarked that the U.S. should not view spectrum allocations as binary decisions where allocations must either be made for military uses or wireless industry uses. He asserted that the U.S. must be smarter and more efficient with its spectrum allocations and called for engineering collaboration to improve spectrum allocations.
• Rep. Pfluger expressed agreement with Mr. Gillen’s response. He then asked Mr. Powell to discuss the spectrum segmentation process.
  • Mr. Powell commented that Mr. Gillen’s response appeared to be supportive of shared spectrum models and expressed NCTA’s support for these models. He stated that the crux of the debate involves the speed at which the U.S. should move to repurpose the DoD’s current spectrum for commercial use. He remarked that the U.S. should respect the judgements of military experts regarding their spectrum needs. He commented that industry stakeholders (including engineers and non-engineers) are not necessarily best positioned to make national security decisions.
• Rep. Pfluger asked Mr. Powell to indicate whether military and industry stakeholders have received the same level of information to understand each other’s spectrum needs
  • Mr. Powell indicated that he could not answer Rep. Pfluger’s question. He remarked that the U.S. military’s interests can be confidential and commented that policymakers and industry stakeholders must provide some level of deference to the U.S. military’s spectrum requests. He stated however that sufficient information is generally made available to understand the U.S. military’s general spectrum needs.
• Rep. Pfluger expressed confidence in the ability of military and industry stakeholders to share sufficient spectrum information. He stated that this information sharing would result in innovation, which he commented would benefit the DoD. He then asked Ms. Rinaldo to recommend how the U.S. could better influence the WRC moving forward.
  • Ms. Rinaldo stated that federal departments and agencies should debate potential spectrum standards prior to attending the WRC. She asserted however that the U.S. should put forward unified positions while at the WRC. She stated that internal disagreements amongst federal departments and agencies undermine the U.S.’s effectiveness at the WRC. He warned that these disagreements can empower the U.S.’s adversaries.
• Rep. Pfluger concluded that spectrum policy has critical implications for U.S. national security and that FCC spectrum auctions would support innovation.

Rep. Jennifer McClellan (D-VA):

• Rep. McClellan discussed how the U.S. telecommunications industry has transformed from a landline-based regulated monopoly to a wireless and data-based industry. She also mentioned how data use and demand has grown significantly during this transformation. She then noted how spectrum is a finite resource and commented that the allocation and usage of spectrum can either reduce or increase digital disparities. She asked Mr. Powell and Mr. Lewis to elaborate on the benefits of unlicensed spectrum. She specifically expressed interest in how unlicensed spectrum has driven innovation and expanded internet connectivity (especially in underserved, rural, and tribal communities).
  • Mr. Powell first remarked that WiFi technology has provided significant value to American families through enabling multiple devices to use a home’s internet connection. He also stated that WiFi technology is very effective as a public resource and noted how Americans can access WiFi service at various public locations. He commented that WiFi technology had played a critical role in enabling Americans to operate from their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. He then discussed how shared spectrum models empower communities to address their own internet connectivity needs. He noted how the CBRS band has enabled communities and entities (including manufacturing facilities and stadiums) to establish their own wireless networks. He highlighted how the National Football League plans to establish wireless networks for their stadiums using CBRS spectrum. He concluded that shared spectrum models improve internet connectivity and have many benefits.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that access to unlicensed spectrum democratizes the ability to innovate. He also stated that unlicensed spectrum benefits urban, rural, and tribal areas. He mentioned how tribes have used the shared CBRS structure to build their own wireless networks.
• Rep. McClellan then asked Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen to recommend actions that Congress could take to ensure that “vital” programs (such as the now expired ACP) can foster greater competition and lower prices within the wireless market while also ensuring that ISPs possess the necessary resources to deploy and maintain broadband internet networks. She indicated that her question period time had expired and requested that Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen provide a written response to her question for the hearing’s record.

Rep. Buddy Carter (R-GA):

• Rep. Carter asked Mr. Gillen to discuss how other countries (including U.S. adversaries) are making more spectrum available for their 5G networks than the U.S. is making available. He also asked Mr. Gillen to address what other countries are doing with their spectrum resources and why these actions are significant. He expressed specific interest in China’s spectrum-related actions.
  • Mr. Gillen noted how England has made twice as much spectrum available as the U.S. and how Japan has made three times as much spectrum available as the U.S. He remarked that the U.S. will need more spectrum to satisfy current spectrum demands and to support innovation. He attributed the U.S.’s previous innovation within the “sharing economy” to the U.S.’s global leadership on 4G technology. He remarked that the U.S. must be the global leader in 5G technology. He mentioned how China is leveraging their spectrum to support smart manufacturing. He also stated that China is seeking to export their values and equipment through spectrum policy. He noted how there currently exist four 5G spectrum bands in the world. He indicated that China supports three of these bands while the U.S. supports none of these bands. He stated that the U.S. is currently unable to influence global spectrum policy, which impacts the U.S.’s ability to manufacture and innovate. He asserted that the U.S. should make more spectrum available to improve its global position.
• Rep. Carter then asked Mr. Powell to discuss how access to unlicensed and shared spectrum would help the U.S. to respond to China’s efforts to become the global leader in spectrum.
  • Mr. Powell highlighted how the U.S. Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany is currently using CBRS shared spectrum to support U.S. military servicemembers in using robotics in combat. He remarked that China poses multiple different types of threats to the U.S. and commented that the U.S. must be prepared for a potential Chinese invasion of Taiwan. He stated that CBRS shared spectrum has enabled several U.S. military bases to set up their own private networks to train and operate equipment.
• Rep. Carter then mentioned how he had previously introduced the American Broadband Deployment Act of 2023, which would have reduced regulatory barriers for broadband deployment. He remarked that the second Trump administration would work to address permitting and regulatory challenges throughout the entire economy. He stated that the FCC under the first Trump administration had made progress on reducing permitting and regulatory challenges. He asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether Congress should codify the FCC’s regulatory actions from the first Trump administration. He also asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether Congress should build upon these regulatory actions from the first Trump administration.
  • Mr. Gillen expressed support for Rep. Carter’s previous legislation to reduce regulatory barriers for broadband deployment. He stated that the U.S. must promptly deploy broadband infrastructure given the time it takes spectrum to be made available. He called on the U.S. to build upon FCC Chairman Brendan Carr’s previous work on permitting reform. 
• Rep. Carter asked Mr. Gillen to indicate whether spectrum would be more valuable if broadband permitting was faster and more transparent at the local and state levels.
  • Mr. Gillen answered affirmatively. He stated that faster and more transparent broadband permitting would provide spectrum users with more certainty regarding how quickly they can make use of acquired spectrum.
• Rep. Carter remarked that broadband permitting challenges are not confined to the federal government and that these challenges also exist at the state and local levels.

Rep. Yvette Clarke (D-NY):

• Rep. Clarke applauded the Subcommittee for focusing on U.S. spectrum policy and called this focus especially important considering the current lapse in the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. She expressed disappointment that the U.S. Senate had failed to extend the FCC’s spectrum auction authority during the previous 118th Congress. She expressed pride however regarding the Committee’s work in recent years to address U.S. spectrum policy. She called it important for Congress to enact legislation that reinstates the FCC’s spectrum auction authority and that promotes “thoughtful” spectrum policy given the current multi-year lapse in the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. She stated that spectrum must be treated as a public resource and that U.S. spectrum policies must balance the needs of both federal and non-federal spectrum users while fostering new innovations. She also asserted that FCC spectrum auction proceeds must be reinvested for the public good (rather than be used to pay for tax cuts for wealthy Americans). She stated that the Committee has demonstrated the ability to work in a bipartisan manner to establish a creative regulatory framework that fosters spectrum innovation and competition. She called the CBRS spectrum band a “prime example” of the policy success that the Committee can achieve through bipartisanship. She remarked that the U.S.’s current spectrum policy challenges center around the tension between U.S. national security needs and the priorities of wireless carriers. She commented that Congress will need to directly address this tension as part of any legislation to reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. She commented that a successful legislative framework for U.S. spectrum policy must enable technologies to coexist so that U.S. national security and industry stakeholders do not attempt to obstruct future reauthorizations of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. She then asked Mr. Powell to opine on shared spectrum frameworks (such as CBRS) and to address how these frameworks could inform future U.S. spectrum policy.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that shared spectrum frameworks have many benefits, including resolving spectrum user conflicts, generating more investment, and providing diverse spectrum services. He elaborated that these diverse spectrum services can include wireless ISP service, precision agriculture, and new education internet networks. He called shared spectrum frameworks a “very important tool” for U.S. policymakers in their development of federal spectrum policy. He commented that shared spectrum frameworks can support making spectrum more widely available.
• Rep. Clarke then remarked that communities vary in terms of their internet connectivity needs. She asked Mr. Lewis to discuss whether and how different spectrum access models impact the ability of diverse groups to access the latest wireless technologies.
  • Mr. Lewis discussed how communities can use unlicensed spectrum in different ways and commented that the diversity of spectrum access models enables this flexibility. He noted how some rural areas have used TV White Space spectrum to expand broadband internet deployment. He also mentioned how some urban areas have built cooperatives using unlicensed spectrum to improve internet access. He stated that the U.S. should build upon these efforts. He then discussed how WiFi 7 technology will require wide channels and commented that different spectrum access models will support the deployment of WiFi 7 technology.

Rep. Kat Cammack (R-FL):

• Rep. Cammack remarked that spectrum is critical for the U.S.’s economic and national security. She disputed the accusations from Subcommittee Democrats that the extension of the FCC’s spectrum auction authority would be used to pay for tax cuts for wealthy Americans. She warned that Congress’s failure to extend the provisions of the TCJA would result in across-the-board tax increases. She then asked Ms. Rinaldo to elaborate on her calls for Congress to provide more oversight for the spectrum space.
  • Ms. Rinaldo discussed how spectrum disputes between federal departments and agencies can result in inaction on spectrum allocations. She called it important for Congress to hold federal departments and agencies accountable so that these departments and agencies make spectrum available.
• Rep. Cammack asked Ms. Rinaldo to provide an example of a dispute between federal departments and agencies that has resulted in inaction on spectrum allocations.
  • Ms. Rinaldo mentioned how some federal agencies are looking to separate from the IRAC system. She explained that IRAC is a body that helps to coordinate federal spectrum management. She warned that proposed separations from the IRAC system would cause reduced efficiency and would diminish U.S. national security.
• Rep. Cammack then discussed how U.S. companies often are excluded from funding opportunities for international telecommunications infrastructure projects because these projects can be capital-intensive. She commented that these exclusions hinder the U.S.’s ability to compete with China. She asked Ms. Rinaldo to elaborate on these financing challenges for U.S. companies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that the EXIM Bank already has tools for financing international telecommunications infrastructure projects that would enable U.S. companies to compete with China. She stated however that the U.S. should modify the EXIM Bank’s existing tools to ensure that it can finance these international telecommunications projects. She mentioned how there is currently legislation that would allow for the EXIM Bank to waive risk caps for U.S. companies pursuing international telecommunications projects that are competing against Huawei. She emphasized that this legislation does not require the EXIM Bank to waive these risk caps.
• Rep. Cammack asked Ms. Rinaldo to indicate whether the DFC also maintains suboptimal policies governing the financing of international telecommunications infrastructure projects involving U.S. companies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo answered affirmatively.
• Rep. Cammack asked Ms. Rinaldo to provide additional recommendations for how the DoD and other similar agencies could support international telecommunications infrastructure projects involving U.S. companies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo called for the DoD’s 5G Office and FutureG Office to be fully funded. She noted how these offices are receiving reduced funding and commented that this reduced funding impedes the DoD’s ability to deploy 5G technology globally.
• Rep. Cammack then asked Ms. Rinaldo to indicate whether the U.S. was adequately represented during the 2023 WRC.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that many leadership changes had resulted in disorganization for the U.S. at the 2023 WRC.
• Rep. Cammack asked Ms. Rinaldo to address how the U.S. should address its disorganization problems at future WRCs.
  • Ms. Rinaldo recommended that the U.S. more quickly identify and empower its participants at the WRC. She noted how the U.S. employs a multi-stakeholder process for engaging in the WRC and commented that this process results in the creation of broader and more impactful decisions.
• Rep. Cammack indicated that she would submit additional questions to the witnesses for the hearing’s record.

Rep. Kathy Castor (D-FL):

• Rep. Castor mentioned how the Committee had previously advanced legislation unanimously to reauthorize the FCC’s spectrum auction authority during the 118th Congress. She asked the witnesses to explain why the full U.S. House of Representatives had not considered this bipartisan legislation.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that the FCC’s spectrum auction authority is important and called it a “tragedy” that this authority had expired. He stated that a key benefit of providing the FCC with spectrum auction authority is that it empowers the FCC to identify spectrum bands to put up for auction. He lamented that the FCC cannot currently identify spectrum bands to put up for auction. He then discussed how there exists significant conflict surrounding the appropriate uses and users of spectrum bands. He lamented that some view the FCC’s spectrum auction authority as a political opportunity to advance their own spectrum interests. He stated that the U.S. must pursue technological solutions (such as CBRS and shared spectrum) to resolve spectrum conflicts rather than solely rely upon the political process to resolve these conflicts.
  • Mr. Gillen expressed agreement with Mr. Powell’s response. He remarked that the U.S. must pursue spectrum policies that provide mutually beneficial opportunities for government and commercial spectrum users.
• Rep. Castor interjected to express agreement with Mr. Gillen’s comments. She raised concerns that FCC spectrum auction proceeds could be used to fund tax cuts for wealthy Americans and corporations. She asserted that these proceeds should instead be used to support activities in the public interest. She noted how the U.S. House Committee on the Budget is currently considering whether to use spectrum auction proceeds to fund tax cuts. She then discussed how her Congressional District is still recovering from the recent hurricane season. She mentioned how the Florida Division of Emergency Management and the University of Florida have piloted the Broadcast Emergency Alerts and Communications Operations Network (BEACON) to provide emergency responders and local governments with a dependable means to share alerts. She explained that BEACON uses AI technology to quickly convert text into speech for AM radio broadcasts and can translate its messages into different languages. She stated that BEACON automates critical safety broadcasts before, during, and after disaster situations. She emphasized that spectrum supports critical infrastructure (such as BEACON) and asserted that Congress should encourage this infrastructure. She asked Mr. Lewis to indicate whether FCC spectrum auction proceeds should serve public interest applications (such as BEACON).
  • Mr. Lewis answered affirmatively. He discussed how emergency alerts are now delivered via phones and called it critical for people to be able to receive these alerts. He stated that NG911 technology and other resiliency and infrastructure supports can enable the delivery of emergency alerts and serve the public interest.
• Rep. Castor expressed hope that Congress would use FCC spectrum auction proceeds to address public interest needs.

Rep. Russell Fry (R-SC):

• Rep. Fry noted how Mr. Gillen had previously discussed the risks that China poses within the spectrum space. He asked Mr. Gillen to opine on the risks associated with China becoming the global leader in 5G technology.
  • Mr. Gillen noted how China is currently exporting its technology globally through the TikTok application. He stated that the U.S. had previously been the global leader in exporting 3G and 4G technology. He remarked that innovation seeks out spectrum connectivity and capacity and asserted that the U.S. must therefore lead in these areas of spectrum technology.
• Rep. Fry then discussed how the internet economy has changed significantly over the previous 12 years. He elaborated that there have occurred significant changes in communication methods, video content consumption, and consumer wireless technology use. He asked Mr. Powell to discuss how U.S. technology policies should change.
  • Mr. Powell recommended that the Committee keep consumers at the center of its spectrum policies. He stated that WiFi technology has been successful and noted how Americans primarily interact with the internet via WiFi technology. He added that cellular phones now use WiFi networks (as opposed to cellular networks) between 80 percent and 90 percent of the time. He stated that policymakers should consider how the methods in which consumers interact with the internet evolve over time. He further mentioned how there has been a significant increase in the number of IoT devices found in most homes over the previous 12 years.
• Rep. Fry then asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how access to spectrum enables innovative companies (such as Open RAN Policy Coalition members) to continue to lead on the next generation of wireless networks. He also asked Ms. Rinaldo to address whether new technologies (such as AI-driven network management technologies) would help manage spectrum congestion issues and expand the supply of available commercial spectrum.
  • Ms. Rinaldo stated that Open RAN technology is a nascent concept and mentioned how Rakuten had first implemented Open RAN technology in 2017. She noted that while DISH Wireless and AT&T have made significant domestic investments in Open RAN technology, she stated that Open RAN technology deployments have largely occurred abroad. She then discussed how AI technology can provide many benefits for the telecommunications industry, including spectrum management, energy efficiency, and drone detection.
• Rep. Fry then asked the witnesses to recommend specific actions for Congress to take to modernize the U.S.’s spectrum system.
  • Mr. Lewis called on Congress to provide the FCC with spectrum auction authority and stated that Congress should make this authority permanent. He commented that a permanent extension would provide reliability, which would support future spectrum band planning efforts.
  • Ms. Rinaldo recommended that Congress provide the FCC with spectrum auction authority and support spectrum R&D efforts. She also called on the U.S. to work with its allies to deploy safe and secure wireless networks globally.
  • Mr. Gillen called on Congress to grant the FCC spectrum auction authority and commented that this grant of authority should come with a plan for spectrum auctions. He also recommended that Congress pass permitting reforms.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that Congress should provide the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He also stated that the U.S. should improve the interagency coordination process for spectrum policy and commented that this coordination process should involve “appropriate” Congressional oversight. He further stated that Congress should provide the Executive Branch with assistance in developing uniform and “single voice” policies for the U.S.’s upcoming participation in the 2027 WRC.

Rep. Greg Landsman (D-OH):

• Rep. Landsman remarked that Congress must play a significant leadership role in U.S. broadband and WiFi policies and commented that Congress had generally approached these policies in a bipartisan fashion. He stated that U.S. broadband and WiFi policies are key for supporting the U.S.’s infrastructure and global competitiveness, as well as the daily lives of Americans. He remarked that the two major spectrum-related issues that the Subcommittee must address involve reauthorizing the FCC’s spectrum auction authority and determining how FCC spectrum auction proceeds will be spent. He asked the witnesses to identify the top priority that Congress should address as part of FCC spectrum auction authority reauthorization.
  • Mr. Gillen called it important for Congress to provide auction instructions to the FCC as part of legislation to grant or extend the FCC’s spectrum auction authority. He mentioned how Congress had taken this approach in 1997, 2005, and 2012. He noted that these instructions can involve the identification of specific spectrum bands for auctions or requirements that a certain amount of spectrum be auctioned. He warned that Congress’s failure to provide auction instructions can result in FCC inaction on spectrum auctions.
  • Mr. Powell expressed support for providing the FCC with spectrum auction authority. He expressed disagreement however with Mr. Gillen’s assertion that Congress must provide auction instructions along with this authority. He remarked that providing the FCC with plenary spectrum auction authority would empower the Commission to auction spectrum without direction from Congress. He also stated that having Congress determine which spectrum bands would be put up for auction would require Congress to resolve the DoD’s current spectrum allocation issues. He contended that agency experts should resolve these issues.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that the NTIA Administrator should be made an Under Secretary level position. She stated that titles matter in government and that the current status of the NTIA Administrator position undermines the position’s influence and effectiveness.
  • Mr. Lewis expressed agreement with Ms. Rinaldo’s recommendation that the NTIA Administrator be made an Under Secretary level position. He also expressed agreement with Mr. Powell’s contention that Congress does not need to include auction instructions in FCC spectrum auction authority reauthorization legislation. He stated that there do not exist many unused spectrum bands and that the NTIA and the FCC should be empowered to determine which spectrum bands would be made available. He further remarked that the U.S. should work to balance the availability of licensed, unlicensed, and shared spectrum. He lastly expressed support for WiFi 7 technology and noted that this technology would require 360 MHz of spectrum.
• Rep. Landsman then expressed interest in how FCC spectrum auction proceeds would be spent. He mentioned how there exist concerns that these proceeds could be used to pay for tax cuts. He asked the witnesses to identify where FCC spectrum auction proceeds should be spent.
  • Mr. Lewis remarked that the U.S. needs to provide long-term funding for digital inclusion efforts. He stated that the U.S. must address the three major drivers of digital disparities: infrastructure, affordability, and adoption. He also remarked that the U.S. should spend FCC spectrum auction proceeds on NG911 programs. He commended Subcommittee Chairman Richard Hudson (R-NC) and former Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-CA) for their leadership on the Next Generation 9-1-1 Act during the previous 118th Congress.

Rep. Tom Kean Jr. (R-NJ):

• Rep. Kean remarked that his Congressional District includes both innovators and areas with internet connectivity gaps. He asked Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen to discuss how technologies using licensed and unlicensed spectrum improve both existing industries and generate growth in more rural areas.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that wireless technology (and particularly full-power 5G wireless technology) provides the opportunity to extend broadband internet service. He discussed how Rappahannock County, Virginia currently lacks terrestrial fiber internet cable service. He stated that FCC spectrum auctions have made 5G home service available in this area. He recommended that Congress should build upon these efforts to expand broadband internet service availability.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how infrastructure deployment can be challenging in rural areas. He noted how wireless companies must densify their networks to serve rural areas effectively, which he commented can be very expensive. He highlighted how shared spectrum through the CBRS band covers 70 percent of all rural areas. He stated that this shared spectrum enables communities to address their connectivity challenges on their own. He mentioned how Newark International Airport is using CBRS shared spectrum without having to await spectrum from a commercial service.
• Rep. Kean then asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how the adoption of Open RAN technologies could impact U.S. supply chains and strengthen the U.S.’s global competitiveness within the wireless technology space. He also asked Ms. Rinaldo to address the current status of the development and deployment of Open RAN technologies.
  • Ms. Rinaldo raised concerns that there might eventually exist only one vendor globally for wireless technology. She stated that Open RAN technology has been successful in terms of increasing the number of wireless technology vendors. She highlighted how these vendors are located in the U.S., Japan, Taiwan, and Europe. She then noted how there are now over 100 global deployments of Open RAN technology. She mentioned how Telus is planning to deploy Open RAN technology across its entire network by 2029. She also mentioned how the Vietnamese company Viettel Group is deploying Open RAN technology using Qualcomm and DeepSig to her organization’s members. She further mentioned how Palau had recently issued a request for proposal (RFP) for Open RAN technology and had received an “astounding” number of proposals. She attributed this large number of proposals received to the fact that Open RAN technology’s competitiveness allows for more vendors to participate in the market.
• Rep. Kean then asked Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen to discuss how licensed and unlicensed spectrum are used for emergency response in cooperation with first responders. He also asked Mr. Powell and Mr. Gillen to address how the U.S. could ensure that spectrum is used as effectively as possible to keep Americans safe during emergency and disaster situations.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that both licensed and unclassed spectrum are “critical” for responding to emergency and disaster situations. He mentioned how Charter Communications had immediately opened 35,000 wireless hotspots during the recent Los Angeles wildfires to improve communications. He asserted that every technological resource must be used to get communications networks up quickly during emergency and disaster situations.
  • Mr. Gillen expressed agreement with Mr. Powell’s response. He stated that different spectrum technologies can complement each other during emergency and disaster situations. He highlighted how 80 percent of 911 calls are currently made using smartphones. He also mentioned how the U.S. has invested in efforts to ensure that first responders can locate impacted individuals during emergency and disaster situations. He further mentioned the importance of wireless emergency alerts in supporting emergency and disaster response efforts. He then discussed how technology is supporting disaster recovery efforts and mentioned how cellular phones are being deployed to disaster sites to provide immediate communications coverage for these areas.

Rep. Erin Houchin (R-IN):

• Rep. Houchin mentioned how she had worked as a state senator to expand broadband internet access (particularly in rural areas) and expressed interest in continuing this work at the federal level. She then discussed how spectrum impacts Americans in both their personal and professional lives. She noted how spectrum is a limited resource and asserted that the U.S. must lead in spectrum innovation to maintain its global leadership in new technologies. She then discussed how her Congressional District is largely rural and commented that rural areas are lagging behind urban areas in terms of their access to the internet. She asked Mr. Gillen to discuss how the use of spectrum by CTIA member companies helps to address digital disparities for rural America.
  • Mr. Gillen mentioned how NERA had just issued a report finding that every 100 MHz of newly available spectrum can help expand internet access for 275,000 new households. He stated that 5G home wireless products can expand access to broadband internet services. He noted how Accenture projects that the U.S. could provide broadband internet services to approximately 40 percent of households without government assistance. He stated that policymakers must address how to expand access to broadband internet services to the remaining households. He commented that this assistance could come from the FCC’s 5G Fund or the NTIA’s BEAD Program. He stated that spectrum can enable an expansion of broadband internet service coverage.
• Rep. Houchin asked Mr. Powell to address how the use of spectrum can reduce the U.S.’s digital disparities.
  • Mr. Powell discussed how CBRS shared spectrum empowers communities to build their own wireless networks as the communities await commercial systems to densify their wireless networks. He also stated that the Committee should support fixed broadband infrastructure deployment efforts. He noted how many wireless networks require fixed broadband infrastructure to deploy wireless broadband internet service. He stated that BEAD Program and NCTA member company investments should be viewed as complementary in nature for expanding access to rural broadband internet services.
• Rep. Houchin then expressed interest in Open RAN technology’s potential to increase vendor diversity both domestically and with U.S. allies. She also stated that Open RAN technology could enable new entrants into radio access and the network marketplace. She asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how Open RAN technology could help the U.S. remain competitive with China.
  • Ms. Rinaldo mentioned how both Congress and the Executive Branch have warned that Huawei poses significant security risks. She stated that Open RAN technology provides a viable alternative to Huawei infrastructure. She highlighted how Telus is currently replacing its Huawei systems with Open RAN technology. She noted how a Telus executive had cited vendor lock concerns as the impetus for the company’s replacement of its Huawei systems with Open RAN technology. She remarked that Open RAN technology bolsters U.S. national security, increases supplier diversity, and provides new connectivity opportunities.
• Rep. Houchin asked Ms. Rinaldo to indicate whether there exist any barriers that are currently impeding the deployment of Open RAN technology networks. She also asked Ms. Rinaldo to project when more widespread development of Open RAN technology may occur.
  • Ms. Rinaldo remarked that the U.S.’s inability to auction new spectrum and make new spectrum bands available will impact the deployment of Open RAN technology. She also recommended that the U.S. use diplomacy to ensure the development of a robust telecommunications supply chain.

Rep. Craig Goldman (R-TX):

• Rep. Goldman asked Ms. Rinaldo and Mr. Powell to discuss how the U.S. can protect important national security missions while also fostering spectrum innovation. He also asked Ms. Rinaldo and Mr. Powell to discuss how shared spectrum approaches help the U.S. to avoid national security risks while still providing new spectrum for commercial use.
  • Ms. Rinaldo mentioned how she is currently participating in a multi-stakeholder process that is meant to address the U.S.’s spectrum use. She indicated that this process includes both public and private sector stakeholders and would involve classified sessions. She also noted that engineers would be involved in this process to support more optimal spectrum allocations.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that the U.S. should facilitate the coexistence of national security and commercial users on spectrum bands. He stated that many spectrum bands have pioneered spectrum sharing approaches. He noted how the CBRS spectrum band provides protection for incumbent military systems. He commented that spectrum sharing enables the U.S. military to operate effectively while providing new commercial spectrum service.
• Rep. Goldman then noted how Mr. Gillen’s testimony asserts that more commercial licensed spectrum is necessary to keep pace with the significant demand for wireless networks. He asked Mr. Gillen to explain how the FCC’s various types of spectrum auctions work and to comment on how these auctions address U.S. consumer needs.
  • Mr. Gillen mentioned how the FCC has auctioned both commercial and government spectrum over the previous decade. He noted how much of this auctioned spectrum is in the 3 GHz range (and is thus mid-band spectrum). He also mentioned how the FCC had worked with the U.S. military to auction off 100 MHz of spectrum for $22 billion. He indicated that this spectrum involved the 3.45 GHz spectrum band. He further mentioned how the U.S. had auctioned off C-band spectrum that was repurposed for 5G technology. He noted how U.S. networks have experienced 87 percent growth over the previous two years and commented that the aforementioned auctioned spectrum bands had made this growth possible. He remarked that the U.S. must now work to replicate the successes of these previous spectrum auctions. He commented that the U.S. could use adjacent spectrum bands to replicate these successes.

Rep. Julie Fedorchak (R-ND):

• Rep. Fedorchak remarked that spectrum is an important U.S. resource and expressed interest in working to best manage spectrum for the benefit of U.S. citizens. She expressed interest in using the proceeds from federal spectrum sales to benefit Americans. She then asked Mr. Gillen to discuss the importance of licensed spectrum and to identify activities that can only be performed using licensed spectrum. She also asked Mr. Gillen to explain the interference challenges that unlicensed spectrum can pose.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that phone users desire reliability and commented that interference protections provide assurances that access to spectrum will not be interrupted. He stated that licensed spectrum supports this reliability. He then noted that all spectrum is ultimately shared. He stated that the hearing’s conversation surrounds the use of specific tools and whether the government has preemptable rights over certain types of spectrum. He remarked that the Subcommittee must ensure that the U.S. can compete with China in the spectrum space while safeguarding incumbent spectrum users.
• Rep. Fedorchak then asked Mr. Gillen and Mr. Powell to address how the U.S. should balance licensed and unlicensed spectrum allocations.
  • Mr. Powell recommended that the U.S. evaluate spectrum demands to determine appropriate licensed and unlicensed spectrum allocations. He remarked that the U.S. should allocate spectrum based on where there exists the greatest demand for spectrum. He stated that while the U.S. should have licensed and high-power spectrum, he asserted that the U.S. has underappreciated the fact that Americans are using more unlicensed spectrum. He recommended that the U.S. should focus on finding shared spectrum arrangements.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that the U.S. requires both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. He noted that the U.S. currently leads the world in WiFi access and asserted that the U.S. needs to regain its global leadership in 5G technology. He stated that congestion and capacity considerations should dictate the U.S.’s spectrum allocation decisions. He highlighted how people tend to make significant use of their smartphones in home settings and commented that this dynamic can skew spectrum usage statistics. He stated however that the U.S. requires licensed spectrum to enable smartphone usage outside of home settings. He concluded that the U.S. must lead the world in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum.

Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA):

• Rep. Miller-Meeks remarked that the private sector should work with the government on ensuring that spectrum is efficiently allocated to both military and commercial users. She also stated that the DoD may need to preempt other spectrum users in certain instances. She then discussed how farmers in her state of Iowa depend on new technologies to make their operations more efficient and mentioned precision agriculture as one such technology. She also noted how schools, health care facilities, and businesses rely upon spectrum to carry out critical functions. She mentioned how she had worked on broadband internet access bills while serving in the Iowa state legislature. She added that she had personally experienced internet connectivity challenges. She noted how spectrum is a finite resource and asserted that spectrum must therefore be responsibly managed. She mentioned how Mr. Powell’s testimony had warned that the U.S. could lag other countries in its deployment of 5G and 6G technologies without embracing shared spectrum policies. She asked Mr. Powell to recommend safeguards for ensuring that critical national security infrastructure and government operations are not jeopardized when pursuing shared spectrum models.
  • Mr. Powell remarked that shared spectrum models operate on an assumption of cooperation between government and commercial spectrum users. He stated that these models seek to avoid the displacement or minimization of government spectrum users. He remarked that the U.S. should prioritize the coexistence of government and commercial spectrum users in its spectrum policies.
• Rep. Miller-Meeks then noted how Mr. Gillen had indicated that 5G technology is supporting the creation of high-paying jobs and economic opportunities within the manufacturing and agriculture sectors. She asked Mr. Gillen to explain how 5G technology is specifically contributing to the manufacturing and agriculture sectors (particularly in the context of rural economies). She also asked Mr. Gillen to discuss how the availability of additional spectrum could accelerate these benefits.
  • Mr. Gillen remarked that 5G technology could support the reshoring of manufacturing to the U.S. He mentioned how 5G technology has enabled an Ericsson plant in Texas to improve its employee productivity by 120 percent. He then discussed how 5G home products are beginning to support rural access to broadband internet services. He stated that greater spectrum availability spectrum would enable these products to serve more people and noted how a lack of capacity is limiting the reach of these products. He mentioned one 5G home service provider currently has a one million person waiting list and commented that additional spectrum availability could reduce this waiting list.
• Rep. Miller-Meeks then noted how Ms. Rinaldo’s testimony warns that China is aggressively working to dominate wireless technologies and markets through state-sponsored corporate theft and market manipulation. She asked Ms. Rinaldo to address how the U.S. could respond to China’s actions. She also asked Ms. Rinaldo to discuss how U.S. companies and policymakers could counter China’s state-driven competition within the wireless technology space.
  • Ms. Rinaldo recommended that the U.S. support vendor diversity. She added that the U.S. should work with its global partners on this effort.
• Rep. Miller-Meeks asked Ms. Rinaldo to recommend specific policies or investments for enhancing the security and resilience of U.S. wireless networks (particularly in protecting vital communications infrastructure).
  • Ms. Rinaldo called on Congress to reauthorize the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015. She also stated that this legislation requires improved enforcement capabilities.